इंग्रजी व्याकरण 1

Articles (उपपदे)

इंग्रजी भाषेत उपपदांना अनन्यसाधारण महत्त्व आहे. एकूण उपपदे तीन आहेत :
(i)  a
(ii)  an
(iii)  the

• उपपदांचे दोन प्रकार आहेत :

(1)  Indefinite Articles : a, an
(2)  Definite Article : the

• उपपदे वापरण्याचे नियम :

(I)  a (ए, अ) :
(i)  a उपपद वापरण्यासाठी सामान्यानाम एकवचनी पाहिजे.
(ii)  ते सामान्यानाम countable पाहिजे.
(iii)  त्याची सुरुवात व्यंजनाने झालेली पाहिजे.
(iv)  त्याची निश्चित माहिती  झालेली नसावी.
e.g. This is a bird.
That is a dog.
It is a rock.
टीपः (a) ज्या वस्तू आपण संख्येने मोजू शकतो, त्यांना countable असे म्हणतात.
e.g. book, chalk, tree, books, chalks, trees etc.
(b) एकाच प्रकारच्या वस्तूंना त्यांच्या अंगी असलेल्या गुणधर्माच्या सारखेपणामुळे जे सर्वसाधारण नाव दिले जाते,
त्यालाच सामान्यनाम (Common Noun) असे म्हणतात.
(c)  इंग्रजीमध्ये एकूण 26 मुळाक्षरे असून 21( Consonants)  व्यंजने आहेत.
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.
(d)  a उपपद वापरण्याचा अपवाद (exception) :
एखाद्या स्वराने सुरु होणाय्रा परंतू त्या स्वराचा व्यंजनासारखा उच्चार होणा-या सामान्यनामापूर्वी देखील a
उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. a university, a uniform, a union, a unit, a one rupee note etc.
(e) एखाद्या येणाय्रा निरनिराळ्या वाक्यांमध्ये नियमानुसार a हे उपपद वापरलेल्या सामान्यनामाचा पुन्हा पुन्हा
वापर करावा लागत असेल, तर त्या नामाच्या पहिल्या वापरापूर्वी a व नंतरच्या वापरापूर्वी the उपपद
वापरतात.
e.g. This is a book. The book is written by Tagore
(f)  एखाद्या सामान्यनामापूर्वी विशेषण असून त्या विशेषणाची सुरुवात व्यंजनाने झालेली असल्यास त्यापूर्वी a
वापरतात.
e.g. I saw a small child weeping for toys.
(II)  an
(i)   an उपपद वापरण्यासाठी सामान्यानाम एकवचनी पाहिजे.
(ii)  ते सामान्यानाम countable पाहिजे.
(iii)  त्याची सुरुवात झालेली पाहिजे.
(iv)  त्याची निश्चित माहिती  झालेली नसावी.
e.g. I saw an elephant wandering in the forest.
It is an ink-pot.
That is an ant.
This is an orange.
टीपः (a)  स्वर पाच आहेतः a, e, i, o, u
(b)  an उपपद वारण्याचा अपवादः
(i)  एखाद्या सामान्यनामाची सुरुवात h ने झालेली असून त्याचा उच्चार स्वरासारखा होत असेल, तर त्या
सामान्यनामापूर्वी an उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. Rekha will return within an hour.
Mohan is an honest boy.
(ii) स्वरासारखा उच्चार होण्या-या व्यंजनांनी सुरुवात झालेल्या सामान्यनामापूर्वी an उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. an M.A., an M.P., an S.P., an M.L.A. etc.
(c)  क्रमाने येणाय्रा निरनिरळ्या वाक्यांमध्ये नियमानुसार an उपपद वापरलेल्या सामान्यनामाचा पुन्हा पुन्हा
वापर करावा लागत असेल, तर त्याच्या पहिल्या वापरापूर्वी an व नंतरच्या वापरापूर्वी the उपपद
वापरतात.
e.g. I saw an old man lying in the mud.
The old man was none but the grandfather of my friend.
(d) एखाद्या सामान्यनामापूर्वी विशेषण वापरलेले असून त्याची सुरुवात स्वराने झालेली असेल, तर त्यापूर्वी an
उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. I saw an old man.
(III) the (द्‍, दि) -
(i)  the उपपद वापरण्यासाठी सामान्यनाम एकवचनी किंवा अनेकवचनी पाहिजे.
(ii)  ते सामान्यनाम countable किंवा uncountable पाहिजे.
(iii) त्याची निश्चित माहिती झालेली पाहिजे.
e.g. the table, the river, the children, the milk, the sky etc.
· The उपपद वापरण्याचे काही विशिष्ठ नियमः
(1) जगातील एकमेव वस्तूंच्या नावापुर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Gateway of India, the Taj Mahal, the Red fort, the Black Horse, the White House.
(2) सूर्यकुलातील वस्तूंच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the sun, the moon, the stars, the earth, the milkyway, the earth etc.
(3) समुद्रांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Arabian sea, the Indian Ocean, the Atalantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean etc.
(4) पर्वतांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Himalaya, the Sahayadri, the Vindya, the Satpuda etc.
(5) नद्यांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Ganga, the Koyana, the Godavari, the Satlaj.
(6) दिशांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the East, the West, the North, the South, the North-east, the North –west, the south
east, the south-west.
(7)  धार्मिक ग्रंथांच्या नावापूर्वी The उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagwat Geeta, the Dnyaneswari etc.
(8)  Surerlative Degree मध्ये विशेषणाच्या तिस-या रुपापूर्वी उपपद the वापरतात.
e.g. Ganesh is the best boy of all.
(9)  क्रमवाचक संख्याविशेषणांच्या पूर्वी उपपद the वापरतात.
e.g. the first , the second, the third etc.
(10)  विशेषणापूर्वी the उपपद वापरत नाहीत. परंतू जेव्हा विशेषणापूर्वी the उपपद वापरुन त्यानंतर सामान्यनामाचा
वापर केलेला नसतो, तेव्हा ते विशेषण त्या वर्गातील सर्वांचा उल्लेख करीत असते.
e.g. the म्हणजे सर्व गोरे लोक
e.g. the म्हणजे सर्व शूर लोक.
(11) एखाद्या सामान्यनामावर जोर देताना त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. This is the place where I want to get off.
(12) प्रतिनिधीत्व करणा-या एकवचनी सामान्यामापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. The dog is an honest animal.
(अपवादः man, woman)
(13) डावी बाजू / उजवी बाजू असा उल्लेख करताना the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. the left, the right
(14) एकादा उल्लेख झालेल्या सामान्यनामाचा पुन्हा पुन्हा वापर होत असल्यास त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. Monica loves a cow. The cow is very useful.
(15) संपूर्ण कुटूंबाचा उल्लेख करताना आडनावाच्या अनेकवचनापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. We are invited by the Karniks for tea.
* the karniks म्हणजे संपूर्ण कर्णिक कुटूंब
(16) विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत. परंतु एखाद्या विशेषनामाचा वापर दुस-या विशेषनामाला उपमा देण्यासाठी होत असेल, तर त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. Kalidas is called the Shakespear of India.
Samudra Gupta is called the Nepolean Bonapart of India.
*  येथे शेक्सपियर, नेपोलियन बोनापार्ट ही विशेषनामे उपमा देण्यासाठी सामान्यनामाचे कार्य करीत आहेत; म्हणून
त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरलेले आहे.
(17) the हे उपपद same या शब्दापूर्वी पण वापरले जाते.
e.g. the same book, the same student etc.
(18) the हे उपपद देशवासी, प्रांतवासी यांच्या नावापूर्वी वापरतात.
e.g. the Indian, the maharashtrian etc.
· उपपदासंबंधी काही विशिष्ठ नियमः
(1)  उपपदे फक्त सामान्यनामापूर्वीच वापरतात.
(2)  a किंवा an म्हणजे एक (सामान्यनामापूर्वी वापर केला असेल तरच) स्वतंत्र a किंवा an ला अर्थ नाही.
(3)   the म्हणजे तो, ती, ते, त्या, ती (सामान्यनामापूर्वी वापर केला असेल तरच) स्वतंञ the ला अर्थ नाही.
(4)  खेळ व रस्त्यांच्या नावापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
(5)  home ह्या शब्दापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Seeta came home. येथे कर्मामध्ये home हा एकच शब्द आहे. परंतू home चे वर्णन त्यानंतर येत असेल,
तर मात्र त्यापूर्वी the उपपद वापरतात.
e.g. This is the home of my uncle.
(6) जेवणाची आणि रोगांची नावे यांच्यापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Dinner, Lunch, Breakfast, Supper (जेवणांची नावे)
Fever, Plauge, Dysentery (रोगांची नावे)
(7) भाषा, ज्ञानशाखा, दिवस, महिने, ॠतू याच्यांपूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Hindi, Mathematics, Sunday, March, Winter etc.
(8) संबोधन विभक्तीमध्ये सामान्यनामाचा वापर करताना त्यापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. Ravi said, “Brother, this is my book.”
· Some more examples solved for practice :
Fill in the blanks with proper articles where necessary :
(1) My daughter is …… expert in flattering me.
My daughter is an expert in flattering me.
(2) He was called to visit …. Dying boy.
He was called to visit a Dying boy.
(3) ….. Gita declares lokasangraha or welfare of the people.
The Gita declares lokasangraha or welfare of the people.
(4) My heart skipped …. beat.
My heart skipped a beat.
(5) I want to be ….. fastest women on the this earth.
I want to be the fastest women on the this earth.
(6) He was ….. elderly man.
He was an elderly man.
(7) ….. first event was the 100 metre race.
The first event was the 100 metre race.
(8) Long ago there was ….. blind musician.
Long ago there was a blind musician.
(9) ….. sun rises in the East.
The sun rises in the East.
(10) I love my ….. India.
I love my  India.
टीपः या वाक्यात उपपद वापरता येणार नाही. India हे विशेषनाम आहे. विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
तसेच पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामाची षष्ठी विभक्ती व नाम यांमध्ये उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
(11) Mr. Patil has done ….. excellent job.
Mr. Patil has done an excellent job.
(12) I bought ….. dosen of oranges.
I bought a dosen of oranges.
(13) My uncle is ….. union leader.
My uncle is a union leader.
टीपः union च्या सुरुवातीस u हा स्वर असला तरी त्याचा उच्चार व्यंजनासारखा होतो; म्हणून येथे a हे उपपद
वापरले.
(14)  In almost every cave, there is …… inner temple.
In almost every cave, there is an inner temple.
(15) My guru was ….. perfectionist.
My guru was a perfectionist.
(16) As ….. MP Mr. Patil has done many good things for people.
As an MP Mr. Patil has done many good things for people.
टीप ः MP ची सुरुवात व्यंजनाने असली, तरी त्याचा उच्चार स्वरासारखा होतो; म्हणून येथे an हे उपपद वापरले.
(17) …… opposite of love is not hate.
The opposite of love is not hate.
(18) It is a particular domestic model of …… robot.
It is a particular domestic model of a robot.
(19) That was my ….. first interview.
That was my first interview.
टीपः ‘First’ येथे ordinal नसून adjective आहे. विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
(20) The man you met was ….. Yashwant.
The man you met was  Yashwant.
टीपः Yashwant हे विशेषनाम आहे. विशेषनामापूर्वी उपपद वापरत नाहीत.
* Exercise *
[I] Fill in the blanks with proper articles where necessary :
(1) Do you think I can ever be …… doctor?
(2) Even anatomy,…… introductory course, held special problems for him.
(3) Together they found …… solution.
(4) Most important, he was …… excellent listener.
(5) I can see like …… eagle.
(6) And we designed it all into ….. Mac.
(7) The jeep was …… expensive resource given by the government.
(8) We became part of …… larger reality.
(9) My mother brought ash from her Chula & mixed it in …… earth.
(10) Let me give you …… anecdote from the other end of ……. Social spectrums.
(11) After dinner, she spends …… hour or more on homework.
(12) As …… adult, we usually link every action to ……. external reward of money.
(13) India witness …… second highest number of accident fatalities globally.
(14) On that terrible Tuesday, …… 26^th of July 2005 …… sky suddenly became …… ocean.
(15) …… gardener pointed out of the window at St. Vincent Place.
(16) In 2002, the number of deaths per 10,000 vehicles was …… highest in China.
(17) …… Panchayat promoted milk as …… alternative source of income at the household level.
(18) …… New palace is one such magnificent structure, built in 1818 for the Maharaja.
(19) Actually, Kolhapur is …… gourmet’s paradise.
(20) Last evening Ganukaka happened tell me …… story.
(21) I remembered …… anecdote which I had read recently.
(22) We flew over …… Aravalis.
(23) With great difficulty she managed to have …… audience with him.
(24) we marvelled at the natural beauty of …… Narmada river in Madhya Pradesh.
(25) We reaffirmed that is …… most beautiful place in the world.
[II]  fill in the blanks with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary :
(1) When I reached the college, students were playing …… football match. …… match had
reached …… interesting turn when …… player was wounded …… player belonged to the
opposing team.
(2)  My father become …… chartered accountant in Lahore, ……. Uncle became …… hotel
Manager in Karachi , and we had …… aunt in Rangoon.
[III] Use the definite articles ‘the’ in the following sentence, wherever necessary. Put a cross
mark (x) where it is not necessary :
(1) She thought that …… star shooting across …… sky was far more beautiful than any
aeroplane.
(2) …… India is a very large country in …… Asia.
(3) …… Kanchanganga is one of ……. most beautiful peaks in …… Himalayan range.
(4) They found that …… second part of the novel was full of suspense.
(5) …… Rajasthan and …… Central Maharashtra often experience droughts.
(6) …… Ganga and …… Yamuna unite at Allahabad.
ANSWERS
Articles.
[I] (1) a (2) an (3) a (4) an (5) an (6) the (7) an (8) a (9) the (10)an, the (11) an (11)an (12) an, an (13)the (14) the, the, an (15) the (16) the (17) the, an (18) the (19) a (20)a (21) an (22) the (23) an (24) the (25) the
[II] (1) a, the, an, a, the  (2) the,an, a, an
[III] (1) the, the (2) x, x (3) x, the, the (4) the (5) x, x (6) the, the,

Exercise

Try this exercise, putting a/an/the in the blanks. If there should be no article, then place a * in the blank. The answers and explanations follow.

Mr Coleman was (1) ___ very fastidious person. He lived three (2) ___ streets away from us, in (3) ___ small house with (4) ___ beautiful garden. Having taken early retirement from his (5) ___ job as (6) ___ button counter, he now had plenty of time to worry, and this he did very successfully. He often spent sleepless nights trying to figure out how he could successfully cook both sides of (7) ___ omelette without it breaking, or how he might achieve better access to (8) ___ tins at (9) ___ back of his cupboard. (10) ___ most of his home was exceptionally neat and tidy, but several loose cables behind (11) ___ television set bothered him, and he never quite knew what to do with (12) ___ empty plastic bags.
Then, one day, his life changed, and he began to experience some relief from his anguish. It seemed that other people underwent similar mental trials, for (13) ___ new catalogue appeared on his doorstep. (14) ___ catalogue contained solutions for many of his problems, and for others which had not yet given him any cause for concern. There was (15) ___  set of three egg timers, for example, shaped like (16) ___ chickens and designed to emit (17) ___ clucking sound at (18) ___ end of three, four and five minutes respectively. In this way he could cook (19) ___  eggs to suit each of his friends individually, and then keep them warm with (20) ___ specially designed covers which went with the timer, marked ‘3’, ‘4’ and ‘5’ for identification purposes. And (21) ___ catalogue contained many other wonderful ideas, such as (22) ___ toaster which could be adjusted to produce different degrees of brownness on (23) ___ four slices toasted simultaneously, and (24) ___ photo frame that rotated pictures at (25) ___ touch of (26) ___ invisible button, so that visiting relatives would never be offended by not seeing their pictures on display, unless, of course, they all turned up together – Mr Coleman eventually solved this problem too by ordering four frames.

Answers

Mr Coleman was (1) a very fastidious person. He lived three (2) * streets away from us, in (3) a small house with (4) a beautiful garden. Having taken early retirement from his (5) * job as (6) a button counter, he now had plenty of time to worry, and this he did very successfully. He often spent sleepless nights trying to figure out how he could successfully cook both sides of (7) an omelette without it breaking, or how he might achieve better access to (8) the tins at (9) the back of his cupboard. (10) *Most of his home was exceptionally neat and tidy, but several loose cables behind (11) the television set bothered him, and he never quite knew what to do with (12) *empty plastic bags.
Then, one day, his life changed, and he began to experience some relief from his anguish. It seemed that other people underwent similar mental trials, for (13) a new catalogue appeared on his doorstep. (14) The catalogue contained solutions for many of his problems, and for others which had not yet given him any cause for concern. There was (15) a set of three egg timers, for example, shaped like (16) * chickens and designed to emit (17) a clucking sound at (18) the end of three, four and five minutes respectively. In this way he could cook (19) *eggs to suit each of his friends individually, and then keep them warm with (20) the specially designed covers which went with the timer, marked ‘3’, ‘4’ and ‘5’ for identification purposes. And (21) the catalogue contained many other wonderful ideas, such as (22) a toaster which could be adjusted to produce different degrees of brownness on (23) *four slices toasted simultaneously, and (24) a photo frame that rotated pictures at (25) the touch of (26) an invisible button, so that visiting relatives would never be offended by not seeing their pictures on display, unless, of course, they all turned up together – Mr Coleman eventually solved this problem too by ordering four frames.

 

Articles: Health Clubs

Click the answer button to see the answer.

1. Are you shopping for ___ health club to join so you can get in shape?
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. no article is needed
   Answer a
   
2. Shop wisely! You could end up choosing ___ wrong club and losing more money than pounds.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. no article is needed
   Answer c
   
3. You may find out too late that ___ health clubs aren't for you.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. no article is needed
   Answer d
   
4. ___ San Diego fitness experts recommend thoroughly checking out several health clubs before you join one.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. no article is needed
   Answer d
   
5. First, know what you want and need in ___ fitness facility, and don't pay for what you'll never use.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. no article is needed
   Answer a
   
6. If you only want exercise classes, ___ exercise studio without weight machines and locker rooms may work for you.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. no article is needed
   Answer b
   
7. If you're looking for ___ place to only do bodybuilding, you'll be happy in a basic gym.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. no article is needed
   Answer a
   
8. You may be in ___ market for a full-service health club; then, make sure it offers lots of activities.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. no article is needed
   Answer c
   
9. Look for a place near your house, and check out ___ exercise instructors and personal trainers.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. no article is needed
   Answer c
   
10. They should be educated in physical education or certified by ___ organization such as the American Council on exercise.
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. no article is needed
    Answer b
    
11. Certified instructors have at least some knowledge of anatomy, exercise physiology, injury prevention and ___ cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. no article is needed
    Answer d
    
12. You should evaluate ___ equipment and make sure fitness machines are modern and in working order.
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. no article is needed
    Answer c
    
13. Try to talk to other members of the club. Find out what they believe are ___ advantages and disadvantages there.
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. no article is needed
    Answer c
    
14. Look in ___ locker room, workout room, and shower--everywhere should be clean.
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. no article is needed
    Answer c
    
15. ___ locker room sanitation is usually a good indication of how clean other areas are.
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. no article is needed
    Answer d
    
16. Finally, before you sign ___ agreement to join, read the contract carefully.
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. no article is needed
    Answer b

 

1. This is Bob. He's _____ doctor.
   a. a
   b. an
   Answer a
   
2. Peter is ____ engineer.
   a. a
   b. an
   Answer b
   
3. That's Oliver. He's ___ travel agent.
   a. a
   b. an
   Answer a
   
4. Leonardo di Caprio is ___ actor.
   a. a
   b. an
   Answer b
   
5. Fred is ____ electrician.
   a. a
   b. an
   Answer b
   
6. Mr. Smith is ___ teacher.
   a. a
   b. an
   Answer a
   
7. This is Gloria. She's ___ homemaker.
   a. a
   b. an
   Answer a
   
8. That's John. He's ___ police officer.
   a. a
   b. an
   Answer a
   
9. I'm ____ student.
   a. a
   b. an
   Answer a
   
10. Meryl Streep is ____ actress.
    a. a
    b. an
    Answer b

A, An, The or Nothing

Click the answer button to see the correct answer.

1. This is ___ easy question.
   Answer an
   
2. Please speak ___ little louder.
   Answer a
   
3. May I have your ___ phone number?
   Answer (nothing)
   
4. I have never seen ___ UFO.
   Answer a
   
5. May I ask you ___ question?
   Answer a / the
   
6. David is ___ best student in our class.
   Answer the
   
7. What is ___ name of the next station?
   Answer the
   
8. He has ___ my car today.
   Answer (nothing)
   
9. I went to ___ sea during my summer vacation.
   Answer the
   
10. Is there ___ public telephone near here?
    Answer a

1. This coat was designed by ___ famous New York artist.
   Answer a
   
2. Can you tell me how to get to ___ bank from here?
   Answer a OR the
   
3. ___ city museum is closed today.
   Answer The
   
4. He is one of ___ smartest people I know.
   Answer the
   
5. I recommend you eat ___ apple pie at this restaurant.
   Answer the
   
6. ___ milk is good for you.
   Answer (nothing)
   
7. Would you like to see ___ movie?
   Answer a OR the
   
8. ___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away.
   Answer An/the
   
9. I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's test!
   Answer (nothing)
   
10. Do you have ___ dictionary that I can borrow?
    Answer a

1. There were many dogs in the park. One dog was ___ Dalmatian.
   Answer a
   
2. Pandas and ___ tigers are both endangered animals.
   Answer nothing
   
3. She is wearing ___ blue dress with red earrings
   Answer a
   
4. Hawaii is ___ island in the Pacific Ocean.
   Answer an
   
5. Christmas comes once ___ year.
   Answer a
   
6. ___ ant is __ insect.
   Answer An, an
   
7. The Nile is ___ river.
   Answer a
   
8. I went to the shop to get ___ bread.
   Answer nothing
   
9. He broke ___ glass when he was washing dishes.
   Answer a
   
10. You should take ___ umbrella.
    Answer an

1. ___ eagle
   Answer an
   
2. ___ arrow
   Answer an
   
3. ____ ultra-violet ray
   ANSWER an
   
4. ___ honest person
   Answer an
   
5. ___ UFO
   Answer a
   
6. ___ unidentified flying object
   Answer an
   
7. ___ easy question
   Answer an
   
8. ___ X-ray
   Answer an
   
9. ___ SOS
   Answer an
   
10. ___ university
    Answer a
    
11. ___ umbrella
    Answer an
    
12. ___ hour-glass
    Answer an
    
13. ___ UNESCO office
    Answer a
    
14. ___ SAT score
    Answer an
    
15. ___ TOEFL score
    Answer a
    
16. ___ black umbrella
    Answer a
    
17. ___ yellow ta

1. Albert Einstein was ___ famous scientist.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. X [Nothing]
   Answer a
   
2. Einstein was born in ___ Germany in 1879.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. X [Nothing]
   Answer d
   
3. Einstein won ___ Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. X [Nothing]
   Answer c
   
4. Einstein left his country and lived in ___ States until he died in 1955.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. X [Nothing]
   Answer c
   
5. Einstein is known for his theory of ___ relativity.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. X [Nothing]
   Answer d
   
6. Roentgen was ___ German physicist who discovered x-rays, revolutionizing medical diagnosis.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. X [Nothing]
   Answer a
   
7. Roentgen won ___ 1901 Nobel Prize.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. X [Nothing]
   Answer a
   
8. Mandela was born in ___ South Africa.
   a. a
   b. an
   c. the
   d. X [Nothing]
   Answer d
   
9. Mandela was ___ first President elected in ___ South Africa after ___ Apartheid was revoked.
   a. a / the / the
   b. the / X / X
   c. a / X / the
   d. the / the / the
   Answer b
   
10. Mandela was imprisoned for ___ nearly 30 years for his anti-apartheid activities.
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. X [Nothing]
    Answer d
    
11. Mother Teresa was ___ Roman Catholic nun.
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. X [Nothing]
    Answer a
    
12. Mother Teresa became famous for her hard work with ___ poor.
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. X [Nothing]
    Answer c
    
13. She was ___ founder of ___ order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity.
    a. a / an
    b. a / X
    c. the / X [Nothing]
    d. the / an
    Answer d
    
14. Mother Teresa lived in ___ Calcutta, India.
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. X [Nothing]
    Answer d
    
15. Mother Teresa received ___ her Nobel Peace Prize in 1979.
    a. a
    b. an
    c. the
    d. X [Nothing]
    Answer d

Advanced Article Usage

USE 12

A(AN) can be used like the word "per".

Examples:

• Apples currently cost $1.30 a pound.
• Cheetahs can run 60 miles an hour.
• You want $150 a person for the tour?

USE 13

Use THE with nouns modified by ranking or ordering expressions such as "the first", "the second", "the third", "the next", "the last", "the previous", "the following", "the penultimate", etc.

Examples:

• This is the fifth day of our conference.
• I'll pay the next time we have dinner.
• Don't forget the following rule.

USE 14

Use THE with superlatives such as "the best", "the biggest", "the most important", "the least interesting", etc.

Examples:

• This is the best day ever.
• That is the most expensive hotel room I've ever heard of in my life.
• He told the funniest joke!

Comparative forms, such as "bigger", "better", "more" can be used with both A(AN) and THE and follow general article usage.

Examples:

• I like the bigger roller coaster.
• He has a more expensive car than I do.

HOWEVER: THE is often used with comparative forms (bigger) rather than superlative forms (biggest) when comparing only two things. This is commonly used in phrases such as "the bigger of the two".

Examples:

• Jessie and Shauna are both smart. But I think Shauna is the smarter of the two.
• Between Jason's son and his daughter, his daughter is the better athlete.

USE 15

Do not use articles when generalizing about uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns.

Examples:

• Curiosity is a great trait. Uncountable
• Water is an important resource. Uncountable
• Vegetables are good for you. Plural countable

USE 16

English speakers often use THE plus a singular noun when they talk about or make generalizations about certain topics, including:

• musical instruments (the piano, the guitar, the flute)
• plants (the coconut palm, the saguaro, the baobab)
• animals (the leopard, the elephant, the lowland gorilla)
• inventions (the steam engine, the plane, the light bulb)
• currencies (the dollar, the euro, the yen)
• body parts (the head, the eye, the ear)

Examples:

• I play the piano.
• The sequoia tree is native to California.
• The dolphin is a very intelligent animal.
• The Wright brothers invented the airplane.
• Right now, the euro is stronger than the dollar.
• Cheryl got poked in the eye.

In general, English speakers choose to use THE in this way to give the noun a more abstract or conceptual sound. We choose to say "the piano" to make it sound more like an abstract art form. Similarly, "the dolphin" sounds more like we are referring to the species. Moreover, "the plane" has a more conceptual sound that conveys the idea of invention. But remember, you can also make generalizations about these topics using plurals as in USE 15.

USE 17

The expressions "a few" and "a little" mean "some" and express the idea that you have more than expected.

Examples:

• He always carries a few dollars for emergencies.
• He had a little difficulty with his homework.
• She has a few friends who can help her move.

HOWEVER: The expressions "few" and "little" (without an article) mean "not much" and express the idea that you have less than expected.

Examples:

• Unfortunately, I had little time to enjoy New York because I had to work so much.
• Sadly, he has few people in his life.
• They have little money, so their daughter cannot pay her tuition.

BUT REMEMBER: When the words "only" or "just" are used, "a few" and "a little" also emphasize the meaning "not much".

Examples:

• Unfortunately, I only had a little time to enjoy New York because I had to work so much.
• Sadly, he just has a few people in his life.
• They only have a little money, so their daughter cannot pay her tuition.

USE 18

Generally, articles are not used with the names of illnesses or diseases.

Examples:

• Dr. Smith visits schools and universities to educate students on AIDS.
• Oncologists are doctors who specialize in treating cancer.
• There are several medications that can be used to treat malaria.

HOWEVER: There are some illnesses which require THE.

• the measles
• the flu
• the mumps
• the bubonic plague

MOREOVER: There are a few health conditions or illnesses which can be used with both A(AN) as well as THE and follow general article use. This category includes most aches, pains, growths, and attacks.

• a cold
• a heart attack
• a stroke
• a wart / tumor / growth / etc.
• a sore throat / sore back/ sore foot / etc.
• a headache / toothache / backache / etc.

REMEMBER: This last category follows general article use. Study the examples below.

Examples:

• John has a cold. The cold was pretty bad.
• Nancy had a heart attack. The heart attack seriously weakened her heart.
• Deb had a sore throat. The sore throat made it hard to talk.

USE 19

If a direction (north, west, southeast, left, right) directly follows a verb, do not use an article with the direction.

Examples:

• We need to walk south.
• They drove north all day.
• At the stop sign, turn left and walk three blocks.

HOWEVER: If a direction follows a preposition, you must use THE.

Examples:

• We need to walk to the south.
• Our house is in the north.
• The grocery store is on the right.

MOREOVER: Use THE with compass directions when referring to them as special geographic or cultural regions.

Examples:

• We love the South.
• Have you ever visited the East?
• The West has better national parks.

USE 20

THE can be used with plural family names to refer to the family as a group.

Examples:

• The Robinsons love to vacation in Florida.
• The Shinoharas are originally from Japan.
• My brother lives next door to the Jacksons.

USE 21

THE can be combined with certain adjectives to refer to a group of people such as "the blind", "the elderly", "the rich", "the French", "the Sioux", etc.

Examples:

• He is elderly. Adjective
• The organization helps the elderly. Elderly people

REMEMBER: This is especially important in situations where nationalities or ethnic groups and their languages might be confused. In such situations, THE is used to specify that we are talking about the nationality or ethnic group rather than the language.

Examples:

• I like French. Language
• I like the French. The French people

HOWEVER: When generalizing about nationalities or ethnic groups that end in "-ans", such as "Americans", "Mexicans", and "Hawaiians", THE is not usually used.

Examples:

• Americans watch a lot of TV.
• Germans drink a lot of beer.

Part of speech (शब्दांच्या जाती)
शब्दांची कार्ये आठ आहेत. त्या कार्यावरुन शब्दांचे आठ गट पाडण्यात आलेले आहेत. यांनाच शब्दांच्या जाती (Parts
of Speech) असे म्हणतात.

• · शब्दांच्या आठ जाती (Parts of Speech) खालील प्रमाणे आहेतः

(1) Noun (नाम)
(2) Prounoun (सर्वनाम)
(3) Adjective (विशेषण)
(4) Verb (क्रियापद)
(5) Adverb (क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय)
(6) Perposition (शब्दयोगी अव्यय)
(7) Conjunction (उभयान्वयी अव्यय)
(8) Interjection (केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय)

Part of speech (शब्दांच्या जाती) शब्दांची कार्ये आठ आहेत. त्या कार्यावरुन शब्दांचे आठ गट पाडण्यात आलेले आहेत. यांनाच शब्दांच्या जाती (Parts
of Speech) असे म्हणतात.

• · शब्दांच्या आठ जाती (Parts of Speech) खालील प्रमाणे आहेतः
(1) Noun (नाम)
(2) Prounoun (सर्वनाम)
(3) Adjective (विशेषण)
(4) Verb (क्रियापद)
(5) Adverb (क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय)
(6) Perposition (शब्दयोगी अव्यय)
(7) Conjunction (उभयान्वयी अव्यय)
(8) Interjection (केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय)

• · प्रत्येक प्रकाराची माहितीः
1 Noun (नाम)
The word which is used as the name of a thing, person or animal is called a noun. [वस्तू,
व्यक्ती, प्राणी यांच्या नावाला (Noun) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. boy, school, river, country, Gopal, happiness, class, golden etc.

• · Kinds of Nouns (नामांचे प्रकार) ः

No	Kinds of Nouns	Explanation
(1)	Common noun (सामान्यनाम)	एकाच गटातील वस्तूंना दिलेले सर्वसाधारण नाव e.g. boy, river, book, game, mountain etc.
(2)	Proper noun (विशेषनाम)	वस्तूचे विशिष्ठ नाव e.g. Gopal, Yamuna, Ramayana, Cricket, Himalaya etc.
(3)	Collective Noun (समूहवाचक नाम)	वस्तूंच्या समूहाचे नाव e.g. class, team, herd, army, bunch etc.
(4)	Material Noun (पदार्थवाचक नाम)	पदार्थवाचक वस्तूंचे नाव e.g. water, silver, gold, iron, milk etc.
(6)	Abstract Noun (भाववाचक नाम)	वस्तूंच्या गुणाचे, अवस्थेचे किंवा कृतीचे नाव e.g. honesty, greatness, pity etc.

* सामान्यनामे व समूहवाचक नामे संख्येत मोजता येतात; म्हणून त्यांना Countable Nouns असे म्हणतात.
*   विशेषनामे, पदार्थवाचक नामे व भाववाचक नामे संख्येत मोजता येत नाहीत; म्हणून त्यांना Uncountable
Nouns असे म्हणतात.
2. Pronoun सर्वनामः
The word which is used instead of noun is called a Pronoun.
[नामाबद्‍ल येणा-या शब्दाला सर्वनाम (Pronoun) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they, this, that, these, those, who, why, whose, myself etc.

• · Kinds of Pronouns (सर्वनामांचे प्रकार) ः

No.	Kinds of Pronouns	Explanation
(1)	Personal Pronoun (पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे)	वक्ते, श्रोते व इतर अशा तीन गटांना पुरुष म्हणतात. त्यांच्याबद्दल येणारी सर्वनामे पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे असतात. e.g. I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.
(2)	Demonstrative Pronouns (दर्शक सर्वनामे)	वस्तूंचा निर्देश करणाय्रा सर्वनामांना दर्शक सर्वनामे म्हणतात. e.g. this, that, these, those
(3)	Relative Pronouns (संबंधी सर्वनामे)	पहिल्या वाक्यातील नामाशी दुसय्रा वाक्याचा संबंध जोडणाय्रा सर्वनामांना संबंधी सर्वनामे असे म्हणतात. e.g. which, what, whom, whose, that etc.
(4)	Indefinite Pronouns (अनिश्चित सर्वनामे)	विशिष्ट वस्तू किंवा व्यक्तीचा निर्देश न करता वापरलेली सर्वनामे म्हणजे अनिश्चित सर्वनामे. e.g. one/ones, one/another, one/the other, one/the others, some/the other, anyone, someone, none, everyone etc.
(5)	Interrogative Pronouns (प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामे)	प्रश्न विचारण्यासाठी जी सर्वनामे वापरतात, त्यांना प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामे असे म्हणतात. e.g. who, what, whom, which, whose etc.
(6)	Reflexive Pronouns (आत्मवाचक / निजवाचक सर्वनामे)	क्रियेचा संबंध कर्त्याशी सूचित करणाय्रा सर्वनामांना Reflexive Pronouns असे म्हणतात. यांचा वापर करताना कर्ता व कर्म अभिन्न असतात. self/selves जोडून आत्मवाचक सर्वनामे तयार होतात. e.g. myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
(7)	Emphatic Pronouns (परिणामकारी सर्वनामे)	परिणाम किंवाजोर सूचित करणा-या सर्वनामांना Emphatic Pronouns असे म्हणतात. self/selves जोडून ही सर्वनामे तयार होतात. e.g. I have completed it myself (Emphatic) They deceived themselves (Reflexive)
(8)	Distributive Pronouns	ही सर्वनामे समूह / गट स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी वापरतात. e.g. all of, both of, either of, neither of etc.

3.  Adjective विशेषणः
The word which tells something about the noun, is called an Adjective. [नामाबद्दल विशेष माहिती
सांगणा-या शब्दाला विशेषण (Adjective) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. brave king,
five books,
some milk,
much water,
seventh boy.

• · Kinds of Adjectives (विशेषणांचे प्रकार) -



No.	Kinds of Adjectives	Explanation
(1)	Adjective of Quality (गुणवाचक विशेषण)	नामाचा गुण सांगणा-या विशेषणाला गुणवाचक विशेषण असे म्हणतात. e.g. brave, kind, cruel, green etc.
(2)	Adjective of Quantity (परिमाणवाचक विशेषण)	नामाचे परिमाण सांगणा-या विशेषणाला परिमाणवाचक विशेषण असे म्हणतात. e.g. some, any, much, enough etc.
(3)	Adjective of Number (संख्यावाचक विशेषण)	नामाची संख्या सांगणा-या विशेषणाला संख्यावाचक विशेषण असे म्हणतात. e.g. (a) Definite Numberals : one, two, three…. (cardinals) first, second, third, (ordinals) (b) Indefinite Numberals : some, any, many. (c) Distributive Numberals : each, every, either, neither.
(4)	Demonstrative Adjectives	जेव्हा दर्शक सर्वनामांचा वापर विशेषणासारखा केला जातो, तेव्हा त्यांना Demonstrative Adjectives असे म्हणतात. e.g. this, that, these, those etc.
(5)	Interrogative Adjectives (प्रश्नार्थक विशेषणे)	प्रश्न विचारण्यासाठी जी विशेषणे वापरली जातात, त्यांना Interrogative Adjectives असे म्हणतात. e.g. what, which, who etc.
(6)	Possessive Adjectives	मालकी हक्क दाखविण्यासाठी वापरली जाणारी विशेषणे. e.g. This is my book.

4.   Verb क्रियापदः
The word which completes the meaning of the sentence, is called a Verb. [वाक्याचा अर्थ पूर्ण
करणा-या क्रियावाचक शब्दाला क्रियापद (Verb) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. I go.
I am going.
I have gone.
अधोरेखित शब्द क्रियापदांचे कार्य करीत आहेत.

• · Kinds of Verbs (क्रियापदांचे प्रकार) -

No.	Kinds of Verbs	Explanation
(1)	Transitive Verbs (सकर्मक क्रियापदे)	ज्या क्रियापद अर्थ पूर्ण होण्यास कर्माची गरज असते, त्यास सकर्मक क्रियापद असे म्हणतात. e.g. Gopal caught a ball. Horses carry carts.
(2)	Intransitive Verbs (अकर्मक क्रियापदे)	ज्या क्रियापदाचा अर्थ पूर्ण होण्यास कर्माची गरज नसते, त्यास अकर्मक क्रियापद असे म्हणतात. e.g. I stand.             Shegoes. Leela weeps.    They play.
(3)	Regular/Weak Verbs (नियमित क्रियापदे)	ज्या क्रियापदांच्या रुपात नियमानूसार बदल होतो, त्यांना नियमित क्रियापदे असे म्हणतात. e.g. play, plays, playing, played.
(4)	Irregular/Strong Verbs (अनियमित क्रियापदे)	ज्या क्रियापदांच्या भूतकाळी किंवा भूतकाळी धातूसाधित रुपात नियमानुसार बदल होत नाही, त्यांना अनियमित क्रियापदे असे म्हणतात. e.g. ring     rang     rung write   wrote    written
(5)	Main Verbs (मुख्य क्रियापदे)	वाक्याचा अर्थ स्वतंत्रपणे पूर्ण करणा-या क्रियापदांना मुख्य क्रियापदे (Principal Verbs) असे म्हणतात. e.g. I read a book. Cows are useful animals.
(6)	Auxiliary Verbs (साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे)	मुख्य क्रियापदे अपूर्ण अर्थ पूर्ण करण्यास मदत करणा-या क्रियापदांना साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे असे म्हणतात. e.g. Seeta is reading a book. The tortoise had won the race.

5.    Adverbs क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययेः
The word which tells something about the verb, is called an Adverb. [क्रियापदाबद्दल विशेष
माहिती सांगणा-या अव्ययांना (Adverb) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. The elephant walks slowly.
Horse runs fast.
*    वरील वाक्यांमध्ये slowly व fast ही क्रियाविशेषण अव्यये आहेत.
टीपः (a) विशेषणांना ly प्रत्यय लावून Adverb तयार होते.
e.g. slow – slowly
happy – happily
careful – carefully
(b) वरील नियमास अपवादः
e.g. good – well
fast – fast
hard – hard

• · Kinds of Adverbs (क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययांचे प्रकार) -

No.	Kinds of Adverbs	Explanation
(1)	Adverbs of Time (कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे)	क्रियेची वेळ सूचित करणा-या शब्दांना कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. yesterday, today, tomorrow, late, early, now etc.
(2)	Adverbs of Place (स्थलवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे)	क्रियेचे स्थळ सूचित करणा-या शब्दांना स्थलवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. here, there, down, below, everywhere, etc.
(3)	Adverbs of Manner (रीतीवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे)	क्रियेची रीत सांगणा-या शब्दांना रीतीवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. slowly, fast, angrily, happily etc.
(4)	Adverbs of Frequency (संख्यावाचक क्रियाविशेषणे)	क्रियेचे संख्या किंवा वारंवारता दाखविणा-या शब्दांना संख्यावाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. once, twice, often, always etc.
(5)	Adverbs of Degree (परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे)	क्रियेचे परिमाण, प्रमाण दाखविणा-या शब्दांना परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण असे म्हणतात. e.g. quite, very, almost, fully etc.
(6)	Adverbs of Reason	क्रियेचा हेतू किंवा कारण स्पष्ट करणा-या शब्दांना Adverbs of Reason असे म्हणतात. e.g. purposely, accidently, therefor etc.
(7)	Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation (दृढतादर्शक आणि नकारदर्शक क्रियाविशेषणे)	क्रियेची दृढता किंवा नकार सूचित करणा-या शब्दांना Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation असे म्हणतात. e.g. surely, certainly, neither, never etc.
(8)	Interrogative Adverbs	प्रश्न विचारणा-या क्रियाविशेषण अव्ययांना प्रश्नवाचक क्रियाविशेषणे असे म्हणतात. e.g. where, when, how, why.

6. Prepositions (शब्दयोगी अव्यये) ः
The words that are used before a noun/pronoun of show the relationship of these words to
some other part of the sentence are called Prepositions. [नामाच्या किंवा सर्वनामाच्या पूर्वी वापरल्या
जाणा-या आणि त्यांचा वाक्यातील दुस-या शब्दांशी संबंध जोडणा-या शब्दांना शब्दयोगी अव्यये (Perpositions)             असे  म्हणतात.]
e.g. His book is in his box.
His cap is on his head.
The old woman buried the pot under a tree.
*  मराठीमध्ये Prepositions शब्दाला जोडून शब्दानंतर येते; परंतू इंग्रजीमध्ये ते शब्दांपूर्वी स्वतंत्र येते.
e.g. मराठीः माझे पुस्तक टेबलावर आहे.
इंग्रजीः My book is on the table.
*  Preposition नामाचा किंवा सर्वनामाचा दुस-या शब्दाशी संबंध सूचित करते.

• Kinds of Prepositions :
(1) Simple Prepositions : यामध्ये फक्त एकाच शब्दाचा समावेश असतो.
e.g. in, at, upon, on, within, into, etc.
(2) Complex Prepositions/Phrase Prepositions : यामध्ये दोन/तीन शब्दांचा समावेश होतो.
e.g. in spite of, because of, due to, in front of etc.
(3) Compound Prepositions : यामध्ये सुद्‍धा एकच शब्द असतो, परंतु त्यांना उपसर्ग जोडलेला असतो.
e.g. among, around, about, behind, between, beside, inside etc.
7. Conjunctions उभयान्वयी अव्ययेः
The words that join together two or more words/phrases/sentences are called Conjunctions.
[दोन किंवा दोनापेक्षा जास्त शब्द किंवा वाक्यांना जोडण्या-या शब्दांना उभयान्वयी अव्यये (Conjunctions) असे
म्हणतात.]
e.g. Gopal, Ahmad and Krishna are friends.
Ramnath was rich but he wasn’t kind.
Nachiket stood first because he worked hard.
* and, but, because ही Conjunctions आहेत; कारण पहिल्या वाक्यात and ने दोन शब्द जोडले, तर
दुस-या व तिस-या वाक्यात but आणि because ने दोन वाक्ये जोडलेली आहेत.

• Kinds of Conjunctions :
(1) Co-ordinating Conjunctions/Co-ordinators : दोन शब्द किंवा दोन मुख्य उपवाक्ये जोडणा-या
उभयान्वयी अव्ययांना प्रधानत्वसूचक उभयान्वयी अव्यये (Co-ordinating Conjunctions) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Ramnath and his wife went for a pilgrimage.
Hitesh is poor but he is very honest.
(2) Sub-ordinating Conjunctions / Sub-ordinators : गौण उपवाक्य मुख्य उपवाक्याशी जोडणा-या
उभयान्वयी अव्ययांना गौणत्वसूचक उभयान्वयी अव्यये (Sub –ordinating Conjunctions) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. When he heard the news of his bright success, his joy knew no bounds.
Though Ramnath is rich, he is not kind.

• Remember the following table :
Co-ordinators                                        Sub-ordinators


and, but, or, yet, either…..or,	When, though, although, while,before
Neither….nor, for, nor, both…..and, not only…..but also, still	After, where, that, so that, since, as….as,because, as, as if, even if, in case, whether, except, till,until, unless, if.

8.   Interjections केवलप्रयोगी अव्यये ः
Interjections are the words that express an emotion or some sudden feeling. [भावनेचा उद्रेक
व्यक्त करणा-या शब्दांना केवलप्रयोगी अव्यये (interjections) असे म्हणतात.]
e.g. Alas! He died at last.
Sh! Keep quiet.
Oh! Excuse me.
*   येथे Alas, Sh, Oh हे शब्द Interjections आहेत.


*   आपल्या मनातील हर्ष, खेद, विस्मय, तिरस्कार, शोक, क्रोध, भिती इत्यादी विकार व्यक्त करण्यासाठी Interjections वापरतात. (We use them to express sudden feelings of joy, pain, surprise, disgust, grief, anger, fear.) *  संभाषणात Interjections आज्ञार्थी व उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्यांप्रमाणे महत्त्वाची भूमिका करतात. *  त्यांचा स्वतंत्र किंवा वाक्यात देखील वापर करतात. (They stand alone. They may be used with a sentence, too.)

• · Some important Interjections :
(1) alas (अलास्‍) अरेरे! हाय हाय!!
(2) begone (बिगॉन) चालता हो!
(3) bravo (ब्राव्हो) वाहवा! भले शाबास!
(4) eh (ए) आं! अरे!
(5) ha (हा) हा हा!
(6) hallo (हॅलो) काय रे! ओहो!
(7) hey (हे) हा हा! ओ हो!
(8) hi (हाय) अच्छा! ओहो!
(9) hello (हॅलो) काय हो!
(10) hurrah, hurray (हुरा, हुरे) वाहवा! शाबास!
(11) lo (लो) पहा!
(12) O (ओ) अहो, अरे रे!
(13) oh (ओ) अरे, ओहो!
(14) shoo (शू) शू, शुक!
(15) sh (श्‍) चूप!
(16) wow (वो) व्वा!
(17) tut (टट्‍) छी!
(18) what (व्हॉट) काय!
(19) hush (हश्‍) चूप!
(20) ugh (उः) उः!
* Exercise *
[I] Tell the part of speech of underlined words in each sentence :
(1) Rajiv is a good neighbour.
(2) Where do you live?
(3) How sweetly she sings!
(4) The dog is sleeping under a bush.
(5) Unless you run fast, you will miss the train.
(6) Shivaji was both brave and kind.
(7) O that I were a rose flower!
(8) Hallo! How do you do?
(9) The child was very hungry so he cried loudly.
(10) The story is about a frog.
[II] State the parts of speech against every word :
(1) river    (2) slowly   (3) short    (4) oh     (5)ran
(6) between (7) this    (8) ugly      (9) but    (10) write
[III] Tell what the following interjections express :
(1) Bravo!  (2) Hurrah!  (3) What!  (4) Hush!  (5) Alas!
[IV] Use the following prepositions in your own sentence :
(1) between  (2) with  (3) across  (4) by  (6) along
[V] Use the following conjunctions in your own sentences :
(1) and  (2) but  (3) neither…..nor (4) as well as (5) unless
ANSWERS

1. 1. Parts of Speech
[I]

1. Adjective of quality, Common Noun
2. Interrogative Pronoun
3. Adverb
4. Preposition
5. Conjuction, adverb
6. Proper Noun, and: Conjunction
7. Interjection
8. Interjection
9. Common Noun, Adjective, Conjuction, Personal pronoun, Verb, Adverb
10.  Auxiliary  Verb (To be), Preposition, Common Noun.
[II]

1. Common Noun
2. Preposition
3. Demonstrative Pronoun
4. Adjective
5. Conjuction
6. Verb
[III]

1. Applause
2. Joy
3. Surprise
4. Silence/secrecy
5. Grief
[IV]

1. Rajive sits between Pramod and Vinod
2. I stay with my parents in a village
3. Manoj swam across the river.
4. Mother is standing by the window.
5. Monica is walking along the street.
[V]

1. Girish writes dramas and acts in them, too.
2. Mangesh is very poor but he helps everybody.
3. Neither Vijay nor Vijaya went to the fair.
4. Mother as well as father helped the needy.
5. Unless you run fast, you will lose the train.
 Personal Pronoun(पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे)
जगामध्ये वस्तूंचे तीन गट आहेत….. (i) वक्त्यांचा, (ii) श्रोत्यांचा, (iii)इतरांचा. यांनाच व्याकरणात पुरुष असे
म्हणतात. त्यांच्याबद्द्ल येणाय्रा सर्वनामांना पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे (Personal Pronouns) असे म्हणतात.

• Kinds of Personal Pronouns  (पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांचे प्रकार) -
पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांचे तीन प्रकार आहेत.
1. First Person (प्रथम पुरुष) -
वक्ता किंवा वक्ते स्वतःबद्दल जी सर्वनामे वापरतात, त्यांनाच प्रथम पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे (First Person) असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. I,We
2. Second Person (द्वितीय पुरुष) -
श्रोता किंवा श्रोते यांना उद्देशून जी सर्वनामे वापरतात, त्यांनाच द्वितीय पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे (Second Person)
असे म्हणतात.
e.g. You, You
3. Third Person (तृतीय पुरुष) -
वक्ते व श्रोते यांच्या व्यतिरिक्त येणा-या सर्वनामांना तृतीय पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे (Third Person) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. He, She, It, They.
वरील माहिती खालील तक्त्यात दिलेली आहे.

वचन पुरुष	Singular	Plural
First Person	I (आइ) मी	We (वी) आम्ही
Second Person	You (यू) तू	You (यू) तुम्ही
Third Person	He (ही) तो She (शी) ती It (इट्‍) ते	They (दे) ते, त्या, ती
टीपः (a) You ह्या द्वितीय पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामाची दोन्ही वचनातील रुपे समान आहेत.
(b) He हे तृतीय पुरुषवाचक एकवचनी सर्वनाम आदरार्थी पुरुषासाठी सुद्धा वापरतात.
(c) She हे तृतीय पुरुषवाचक एकवचनी सर्वनाम आदरार्थी स्त्रीसाठी सुद्धा वापरतात.
(d) It हे तृतीय पुरुषवाचक एकवचनी सर्वनाम निर्जीव वस्तू, पशू, पक्षी किंवा लहान मुलाबाबत वापरतात.
(e) It = this or that.

• · पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांची विभक्ती रुपेः
विभक्ती पुरुष	प्रथमा (कर्ता – Subject)	द्वितीया (कर्म – Object)	षष्ठी
			Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronouns
प्रथम पुरुष	I (आइ) मी we (वी) आम्ही	me (मी) मला us (अस्‍) आम्हाला	my (माय्‍) माझा – झी – झे our (अवर्‍) आमचा – ची - चे	mine (माइन्‍) माझा – झी – झे Ours (अवर्स्‍) आमचा – ची – चे
द्वितीय पुरुष	you (यू) तू you (यू) तुम्ही	you (यू) तुला you (यू) तुम्हाला	your (युवर्‍) तुझा – झी – झे your (यूवर्‍) तुमचा – ची - चे	yours (युवर्स्‍) तुझा – झी - झे yours (यूवर्स्‍) तुमचा – ची - चे
तृतीय पुरुष	he (ही) तो she (शी) ती it (इट्‍) they (दे) ते, त्या, ती	him (हिम्‍) त्याला her (हर्‍) तिला it (इट्‍) त्याला them (देम्‍) त्यांना	his (हिज्‍) त्याचा – ची –चे her (हर्‍) तिचा – ची – चे its (इट्‍स) त्याचा – ची – चे their (देअर्‍) त्यांचा – ची - चे	his (हिज्‍) त्याचा – ची –चे hers (हर्स्‍) तिचा –चा –चे …… …… theirs (देअर्स्‍) त्यांचा – ची – चे
टीपः (a) वरील तक्त्यामध्ये it वगळता सर्व पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांची षष्ठी प्रत्येकी दोन- रुपे दिलेली आहेत.
(b) पहिल्या स्तंभातील रुपांना Possessive Adjectives असे म्हणतात.
(c) दुसय्रा स्तंभातील रुपांना Possessive Pronouns असे म्हणतात.
(d) Possessive Adjective चा वापर नामापूर्वी करतात.
e.g. This is my book
(e) Possessive Pronoun चा वापर करताना त्यानंतर नाम वापरत नाहीत.
e.g. This book is mine.
* Exercise *
[I] Fill in the blanks with proper forms of the personal pronouns :
(1) I want ……. book. This is yours.
(2) This is your book. Where is ……?
(3) The farmers sit under a banyan tree. They talk about ……. crops.
(4) Seeta sold tomatoes . …….. got some money to buy a frock for ……. younger sister.
(5) Gopal stood first in the examination. …….. was admired by ……. friends and relatives.
(6) ……. parents love me very much.
(7) We ought to help the poor. It is ……. duty.
(8) Where do you live? Where does ……. cousin live?
(9) It belongs to me. So it is ……., not …….
(10) Dhira works hard so ……. lives happily.
[II] underline the personal pronouns in the following sentence :
(1) I love my country.
(2) Can’t she sing and take care of them at the same time?
(3) We will do our homework as soon as we get up.
(4) You will miss your footing.
(5) It is Ashok’s house and that is mine.
[III] Use proper personal pronouns where necessary :
(1) Monica is my neighbour and Monica is my friend, too.
(2) The students saw a peacock and the students jumped with joy.
(3) The hunter chased the deer but the hunter couldn’t catch the deer.
(4) What did the children do? What was the children’s guilt?
(5) Gopal loves his parents. His parents also love Gopal.
ANSWERS


Personal Pronouns
[I] (1) me (2) mine (3) their (4) she, her (5) he, his (6) my (7) our (8) your (9) mine, yours (10) he
[II]

1. I love my country.
2. Can’t she sing and take care of them at the same time?
3. We will do our homework as soon as we get up.
4. You will miss your footing.
5. It is Ashok’s house and that is mine.
[III]

1. Monica is my neighbor and she is my friend, too
2. The students saw a peacock and they jumped with joy.
3. The hunter chased the deer but he couldn’t catch it.
4. What did the children do? What was their guilt?
5. Gopal loves his parents. His parents also love him.
Prepositions (शब्दयोगी अव्यये)
The words that are used before a noun / pronoun to show the relationship of these words to
some other parts of the sentence, are called Prepositions. (नामाच्या किंवा सर्वनामाच्या पूर्वी
वापरल्या जाणा-या आणि त्यांचा वाक्यातील दुस-या शब्दांशी संबंध जोडणा-या शब्दांना शब्दयोगी अव्यये
(Preposotions) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. The dog is sleeping under a bush.
There is a mango tree between two neem trees.
The cat jumps upon a table.
*  वरील वाक्यांमध्ये under, between, upon, ही prepositions आहेत. इंग्रजीमध्ये prepositions स्वतंत्र
असून, ते शब्दापूर्वी वापरतात.

• काही महत्त्वाच्या शब्दयोगी अव्ययांच्या माहितीः
(1) on, upon, up, over, above.
(a) on :
(i)  एखाद्या वस्तूला स्पर्श करून वर असा उल्लेख असताना on चा वापर करतात.
e.g. My book is on the table.
(ii) वेळ व काळ दर्शविण्यासाठी वार व तारखेपूर्वी on चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Gopal sits on my right in the class on Saturday.
(iii) बाजू दाखविण्यासाठी on वापरतात.
e.g. Gopal sits on my right in the class.
(iv) एखाद्या विषयावर लिहिणे किंवा बोलणे या अर्थाने on चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Gopal wrote an essay on the Indian farmer.
(v) एखाद्यावर अवलंबून असणे या अर्थाने on चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The children depend on their parents.
(vi) मुद्दाम येणे , हाक मारणे असा अर्थबोध होत असताना on वापरतात.
e.g. Krishna came here on purpose.
(vii) सुरू करणे, पकडणे या अर्थाने phrase मध्ये on वापरतात.
e.g. Mother turned the gas on.
Put on.
Hold on.
The radio set was on.
(b)  upon :
(i)  हालचाल करून वर अशा अर्थांने upon चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The cat jumps upon the table.
(ii) एखादी गोष्ट पाहून अशा अर्थाने upon चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The child is joyful upon seeing his mother.
(iii) काळजी घेणे अशा अर्थाने to attend upon या phrase मध्ये upon चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Shankar has no time to attend upon his family.
(c) up :
(i)  वरच्या दिशेला जाणे या अर्थाने up चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The train is going up to Surat.
(ii) वर असलेली स्थिती स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी up चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The monkey is up the tree.
(d) Over :
(i) स्पर्श न करता वर अशा अर्थाने over चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The sky is over our heads.
(ii) अमूक वयापेक्षा जास्त अशा अर्थाने over चा वापर करतात.
e.g. My grandfather is over eighty years old.
(iii) एखाद्यावर हुकुमत किंवा सत्ता गाजविणे असा उल्लेख असताना power नंतर over चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The king had power over his subjects.
(iv) वरचे पद मिळणे असा अर्थबोध होत असेल, तर over चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Krishna is placed over him.
(e) above :
(i) स्पर्श न करता वर असा उल्लेख असताना above चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The fan is above our heads.
(ii) च्यापेक्षा जास्त या अर्थाने above वापरतात.
e.g. Krishna’s payment isn’t above his income.
(iii) च्यावर असणे या अर्थाने above चा वापर करतात.
e.g. There are four names above mine in the list.
(2) in, into, between, among, within, through.
(a) in :
(i) आत असून स्थिर असणे या अर्थाने in चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Ganpat is in his study room.
(ii) महिने, वर्ष, ऋतू दिवसाचा भाग यांच्यापूर्वी in वापरतात.
e.g. in the morning.
in December
in four months
in Winter
(iii) भविष्यकाळात होऊ घातलेल्या क्रियेचा उल्लेख करताना कालदर्शक शब्दापूर्वी in चा वापर करतात.
e.g. in a month
in four hours
in three weeks
in two ways
(iv) मोठी शहरे, राज्य, देश, यांच्या नावापूर्वी in चा वापर करतात.
e.g. in Mumbai
in America
in Maharashtra
(b) into :
(i) हालचाल करून आत येणे किंवा जाणे या अर्थाने into चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The boy is coming into the garden.
(ii) स्थितीत बदल होताना into चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Their rage melted into love.
(c) between :
(i) दोन वस्तू किंवा व्यक्ती यांच्यामध्ये असा उल्लेख असताना between चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Ganpat stood between Gopal and Krishna.
(d) among (amongst) :
(i) अनेकांच्यामध्ये असा उल्लेख असताना among चा वापर करतात.
e.g. He was lost among the crowd.
(e) within :
(i) एखाद्या कालावधीच्या समाप्तीच्या शेवटच्या क्षणाच्या आत अशा अर्थाने witnin वापरतात.
e.g. Hemant will return within a week.
(f) through :
(i) गती दाखविण्यासाठी through चा वापर च्यामधून पुढे जाणे या अर्थाने वापरतात.
e.g. We walked the rest of the way through the trees.
(ii) अनेक अडचणींमधून, एखाद्या कृतीमधून, स्वाभाविक वैशिष्ट्यांमधून अशा अर्थाने सुध्दा through चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Gopal has set up this through many difficulties.
All this was done through jeaslousy.
(3) down, under, below, beneath
(a) down :
(i) खालच्या दिशेने जाणे या अर्थाने down चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The train is going down to Bhusawal.
(ii) खाली या अर्थाने स्थैर्य निश्चित करण्यासाठी down चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Sit down.
(b) under :
(i) एखाद्या वस्तूच्या खाली अशा अर्थाने under चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The farmer sits under a tree.
The dogs is sleeping under a bush.
(ii) ठराविक संख्येच्या आत अशा अर्थाने under चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The people present in the meeting were under five hundred.
(iii) एखाद्या हाताखाली असा उल्लेख असताना सुध्दा under चा वापर करतात.
e.g. They work under him.
(c) below :
(i) कनिष्ठ पदावर असणे असा उल्लेख असताना below चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Pankaj is below me in the office.
(ii) एखाद्या ठिकाणाहून खाली अशा अर्थाने below चा वापर करतात.
e.g. From the top of mountain we can see the lake below.
(iii) च्यापेक्षा कमी तापमानाची नोंद करताना below चा वापर करतात.
(d) beneath :
(i) एखाद्या ठिकाणाहून खाली अशा अर्थाने beneath चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The fruit fell upon the spot beneath.
(ii) कनिष्ट अवस्था (lower position)दाखविण्यासाठी beneath चा वापर करतात.
e.g. She makes friends beneath her.
(4) before after :
(a) before : अगोदर, पूर्वी समोर
(i) अगोदर या अर्थाने before चा वापर करतात.
e.g. January comes before February.
(ii) पूर्वी या अर्थाने before चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Ramnath doesn’t wake up before six o’clock.
(iii) समोर (in front of) या अर्थाने before चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The thief was brought before the Inspector of Police.
(iv) प्राधान्यक्रम दाखविण्यासाठी before चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Death before dishonor!
(b) after : नंतर, मागोमाग
(i) एखाद्या वस्तूनंतर असा उल्लेख असल्यास after चा वापर करतात.
e.g. April comes after March.
(ii) च्या मागोमाग अशा अर्थाने after वापरतात.
e.g. I shall enter after you.
(5) of, off :
(a) of : चा, ची, चे, च्या.
(i) षष्ठी विभक्ती स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी चा, ची, चे, च्या या अर्थाने of वापरतात.
e.g. This is a picture of a boy.
(ii) गुण (quality)दाखविण्यासाठी of चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Columbus was the man of action.
(iii) तुलना करताना of चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The elder brother is more intelligent of the two.
(b) off : च्या पासून दूर
(i) वियोग (Separation) दाखविण्यासाठी off चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Ahmad fell off the horse.
Take your leg off my hand.
(6) beside, besides :
(a) beside : बाजूला
(i) एखाद्या वस्तूच्या बाजूला असे वर्णन करताना beside चा वापर करतात.
e.g. There is a big stone lying beside the temple.
I sat beside the pond.
(b) besides : शिवाय
(i) एखाद्या गोष्टीत भर म्हणून besides चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Besides these toys mother bought some balloons and dolls too.
With your spirit nobody can stop you and besides, I will help you.
(7) with, without :
(a) with : च्या सह, च्या बरोबर, च्याशी, च्याने
(i) एखाद्या बरोबर (सह) अशा अर्थाने with चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The dog is walking with the farmer.
(ii) एखाद्या साधनाने कृती करणे असा उल्लेख असेल, तर त्या साधनापूर्वी with चा वापर करतात.
e.g. A mango is cut with the knife.
I write with a pen.
(b) without : शिवाय
(i) एखाद्या वस्तूशिवाय असा उल्लेख असताना without चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Some students came without books.
Nobody can live without food.
(8) since, for :
(a) since : तेव्हापासून, आतापर्यत
(i) since कालदर्शक आहे. अमूक एका काळापासून आजपर्यंत (point of time)असा उल्लेख करताना since चा वापर
करतात.
e.g. Gopal has been learning in this school since 2006.
Raman has been here since Monday.
(b) for : च्यासाठी, अमूक काळासाठी
(i) च्यासाठी अशा उल्लेखाच्या वेळी for वापरतात.
e.g. The soldier did their best for the nation.
(ii) for हे ठराविक कालमर्यादा (length of time) दाखविण्यासाठी वापरतात.
e.g. The child has been sleeping for two hours.
(iii) for चा वापर purpose, reason, exchange, in spite of, अशा संबंधासाठी सुध्दा करतात.
e.g. Walking is good for health.
He was punished for theft.
He sold all his ornaments for a petty sum.
There are three conditions for combination.
(9) by, at, to :
(a) by : कडून, जवळ, ने
(i) Passive Voice मध्ये by चा उपयोग करतात.
e.g. A letter is written by me.
(ii) एखाद्या वस्तूजवळ अशा अर्थाने by चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Mother stands by the iron stove.
(iii) वाहनांच्या नावापूर्वी by चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The boys go to school by bus.
(iv) साहित्यिकांच्या नावापूर्वी by वापरतात.
e.g. The book is written by Rabindranath Tagore.
(v) च्या सुमारास उल्लेख असताना by  वापरतात.
e.g. I shall be at your house by four.
(b) at : कडे, जवळ, आत, वेळ सूचविण्यासाठी (वाजता)
(i) एखाद्याकडे असे वर्णन असताना at वापरतात.
e.g. The child throws a ball at the woman.
The students are looking at the blackboard.
(ii) एखाद्या वस्तूजवळ असा उल्लेख असताना at वापरतात.
e.g. Yashmeen is standing at the window.
Mohan is at the gate.
(iii) मध्ये या अर्थाने at वापरतात.
e.g. Mangesh, meet me at my office.
Gopal lives at Palasner.
(iv) वेळ सूचविण्यासाठी वाजता या अर्थाने at वापरतात.
e.g. Leela gets up at seven o’clock.
(v) सणांच्या नावापूर्वी at वापरतात.
e.g. At Diwali, At Durga Puja.
(c) to : कडे, पर्यंत, ला, पेक्षा
(i) एखाद्या ठिकाणाकडे जाताना गती दर्शविण्यासाठी at चा वापर करतात.
e.g. I go to school.
(ii) पासून…….. पर्यंत असा उल्लेख असल्यास to वापरतात.
e.g. They were travelling from Mumbai to Pune by train.
(iii) चतूर्थी विभक्तीमध्ये पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांच्या चतूर्थी विभक्तीच्या रूपापूर्वी to वापरतात.
e.g. Mother gave sweets to me.
(iv) पेक्षा या अर्थाने prefer नंतर to वापरतात.
e.g. I prefer milk to tea.
(10) across, beyond :
(a) across : च्या पलिकडे
एका बाजूकडून दुस-या बाजूकडे  असा उल्लेख असताना across वापरतात.
e.g. There is a bridge across the river.
(b) beyond : पलिकडे
एखाद्या वस्तूच्या पलिकडे असे वर्णन करताना beyond वापरतात.
e.g. My village is beyond that hill.
(11) about : विषयी, सुमारे, इकडे तिकडे
(i) च्या विषयी काही सांगताना about चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Lonar village is about 800 kms from Mumbai.
(ii) वेळ सूचित करण्यासाठी सुमारे या अर्थाने about चा वापर करतात.
e.g. It is about ten o’clock.
(iii) सभोवार किंवा इकडे तिकडे या अर्थाने about चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The hare is running about into the forest.
(iv) च्या बेतात अशा अर्थाने सुध्दा about वापरतात.
e.g. The bus is about to go.
(12) along : च्या बाजूने
रस्त्याने चालताना समांतर रेषेत चालणे या अर्थाने along चा उपयोग करतात.
e.g. She was going along the road.
We went for a stroll along the seashore.
(13) behind : पाठीमागे
at the back of या अर्थाने behind चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The child hid behind his mother.
There was a small pond behind the house.
(14) around : सभोवती
सभोवती या अर्थाने around चा वापर करतात.
e.g. There are a lot of trees and bushes around my village.
(15) from : पासून, हून, कडून
(i) एखाद्या ठिकाणाहून येणे असा उल्लेख असताना त्या स्थळापूर्वी from वापरतात.
e.g. Avinash is coming from Pune.
The boy returned from the school.
(ii) एखाद्या आजाराने त्रस्त असतांना त्या रोगाच्या नावापूर्वी from वापरतात.
e.g. Seeta is suffering from cold.
(iii) Source (उगम, मूळ) दाखविण्यासाठी from वापरतात.
e.g. Shripati borrowed a plough from his friend.
(iv) एखाद्या कृतीचा मर्यादित कालावधी नमूद करतांना  त्या कालावधीच्या सुरूवातीच्या कालवाचक शब्दापूर्वी from
वापरतात.
e.g. The examination will be held from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.
(16) against : च्या विरुध्द
(i) विरोध (opposition) दाखविण्यासाठी against चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Shivaji fought against the mighty rulers.
(ii) Pressure दाखविण्यासाठी against चा वापर करतात.
e.g. She rubbed her neck against my knee.
Some more examples for practice :
* Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions from those given in the brackets :
(1) There is a view point high …… the hill. (on/in)
There is a view point high on the hill.
(2) The caves at Ajanta and Ellora were hewn …… a hammer and chisel. (with/in)
The caves at Ajanta and Ellora were hewn with a hammer and chisel.
(3) You can see both these wonders fairly comfortably ……. two days. (in/with)
You can see both these wonders fairly comfortably in two days.
(4) I try on some new clothes in front ……. the mirror. (off/of)
I try on some new clothes in front of the mirror.
(5) …… the meal I meant to seize any opportunity. (during/through)
During the meal I meant to seize any opportunity.
(6) She had stopped doing …….. father’s death months ago. (for/since)
She had stopped doing since father’s death months ago.
(7) He found a beggar lying …….. a tree. (underneath/beneath)
He found a beggar lying underneath a tree.
(8) ……. the least hesitation, he gave the cap to the beggar. (with/ without)
Without the least hesitation, he gave the cap to the beggar.
(9) She was plunged …… the depths of sorrow. (in/into)
She was plunged into the depths of sorrow.
(10) He lived all alone in a hut …….. the end of the town. (at/by)
He lived all alone in a hut at the end of the town.
Learn this :

(i) Bhaurao was admitted in a Jain students’ Hostel. Here ‘in’ is used to tell the place. (ii) Annasaheb Latthe was the Finance Minister of Bombay in the First Congress Ministry. Here ‘in’ is used for speaking the things. (iii) He also came in cantact with Shahu Maharaj. Here ‘in’ is used in a phrase. (iv) In May 1994, the statue of Queen Victoria was defaced with tar. Here ‘in’ is used to mention month and period. यावरुन हे सिद्ध होते की, शब्दयोगी अव्ययांचे कार्य मर्यादित नसून ते त्या वाक्याच्या संदर्भावर अवलंबून असते.
* Exercise *
*  Fill in the blanks with the proper prepositions given in the brackets :
(1) You obtain the first view of the great Buddhist caves hewn …….sheer rock. (in/with)
(2) You pass much flat county ……. the way. (on/in)
(3) ……the decline of Buddhism, they their importance. (with/in)
(4) Today is not a special day ……. the calendar. (on/in)
(5) I am very proud ……. my nice mother. (off/of)
(6) They work magic ……. me. (in/on)
(7) I decided to tell her once I walked …… the house. (into/in)
(8) I have given public speech ……. many occasions. (about/on)
(9) I dashed ……. the study. (into/in)
(10) The opposite …… love is not hate. (off/of)
(11) Gladstone was preparing a speech he was to deliver …….. parliament. (in/into)
(12) His feet were stained ……. mud.  (with/of)
(13) The beggar pointed to the cap which was …… Sadhu Vaswani’s head. (upon/on)
(14) She came out ….. her mension. (of/off)
(15) Her face was wreathed ……. smiles. (in/with)
(16) We pass …… this world but once. (into/through)
(17) He lived only ……fruits so that he did not have to cook. (on/with)
(18) The birds brought little fruits …… their breaks. (with/in)
(19) I always wanted to roam the forests ……. him. (with/under)
(20) I could have died …… fright. (with/of)
(21) We sat …… the Varandah. (in/on)
(22) Payal had dived …… the water. (in/into)
(23) I broke …… a cold sweat! (into/with)
(24) We walked the rest of the way …… the trees. (beside/through)
(25) We were now the best ……. friends. (of/with)
(26) She rubbed her neck ……. my knee. (on/against)
(27) She would never put her foot …….the earth. (on/upon)
(28) Wilma was matched ……. a woman named Jutta Heine. (with/against)
(29) My Robbi is made ……. shining metals. (of/with)
(30) It  comes ……. air. (through/from)
(31) Raghu was standing ……. his sister. (beside/besides)
(32) Yash stood …..... Suman and Sweta. (among/between)
(33) …… dinner, she spends an hour or more on homework. (after/before)
(34) Indeed ……. the ages so many temples came to be built here. (through/in)
(35) It’s high enough to cut …… roads, rivers and high tension cables. (across/beyond)
(36) The house is ……. the tree. (behind/beside)
(37) The tiny hill railway made its appearance …….. 1907. (in/on)
(38) …… this time I catch up with the morning news. (within/during)
(39) I stayed ……. my Guru in a village near Karwar. (with/by)
(40)They would scatter like a flock ……. startled pigeons. (of/off)
ANSWERS
Prepositions
[I] (1) in (2) on (3) with (4) on (5) of (6) on (7) into (8) on (9) into (10) of (11) in (12) with (13) on (14) of (15) in (16) through (17) on (18) in (19) with (20) of (21) in (22) into  (23) into (24) through (25) of (26) against (27) on (28) against (29) of (30) from (31) beside (32) between (33) after (34) through (35) across (36) behind (37) in (38) during (39) with (40) of








Prepositions (शब्दयोगी अव्यये)
The words that are used before a noun / pronoun to show the relationship of these words to
some other parts of the sentence, are called Prepositions. (नामाच्या किंवा सर्वनामाच्या पूर्वी
वापरल्या जाणा-या आणि त्यांचा वाक्यातील दुस-या शब्दांशी संबंध जोडणा-या शब्दांना शब्दयोगी अव्यये
(Preposotions) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. The dog is sleeping under a bush.
There is a mango tree between two neem trees.
The cat jumps upon a table.
*  वरील वाक्यांमध्ये under, between, upon, ही prepositions आहेत. इंग्रजीमध्ये prepositions स्वतंत्र
असून, ते शब्दापूर्वी वापरतात.

• काही महत्त्वाच्या शब्दयोगी अव्ययांच्या माहितीः
(1) on, upon, up, over, above.
(a) on :
(i)  एखाद्या वस्तूला स्पर्श करून वर असा उल्लेख असताना on चा वापर करतात.
e.g. My book is on the table.
(ii) वेळ व काळ दर्शविण्यासाठी वार व तारखेपूर्वी on चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Gopal sits on my right in the class on Saturday.
(iii) बाजू दाखविण्यासाठी on वापरतात.
e.g. Gopal sits on my right in the class.
(iv) एखाद्या विषयावर लिहिणे किंवा बोलणे या अर्थाने on चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Gopal wrote an essay on the Indian farmer.
(v) एखाद्यावर अवलंबून असणे या अर्थाने on चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The children depend on their parents.
(vi) मुद्दाम येणे , हाक मारणे असा अर्थबोध होत असताना on वापरतात.
e.g. Krishna came here on purpose.
(vii) सुरू करणे, पकडणे या अर्थाने phrase मध्ये on वापरतात.
e.g. Mother turned the gas on.
Put on.
Hold on.
The radio set was on.
(b)  upon :
(i)  हालचाल करून वर अशा अर्थांने upon चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The cat jumps upon the table.
(ii) एखादी गोष्ट पाहून अशा अर्थाने upon चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The child is joyful upon seeing his mother.
(iii) काळजी घेणे अशा अर्थाने to attend upon या phrase मध्ये upon चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Shankar has no time to attend upon his family.
(c) up :
(i)  वरच्या दिशेला जाणे या अर्थाने up चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The train is going up to Surat.
(ii) वर असलेली स्थिती स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी up चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The monkey is up the tree.
(d) Over :
(i) स्पर्श न करता वर अशा अर्थाने over चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The sky is over our heads.
(ii) अमूक वयापेक्षा जास्त अशा अर्थाने over चा वापर करतात.
e.g. My grandfather is over eighty years old.
(iii) एखाद्यावर हुकुमत किंवा सत्ता गाजविणे असा उल्लेख असताना power नंतर over चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The king had power over his subjects.
(iv) वरचे पद मिळणे असा अर्थबोध होत असेल, तर over चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Krishna is placed over him.
(e) above :
(i) स्पर्श न करता वर असा उल्लेख असताना above चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The fan is above our heads.
(ii) च्यापेक्षा जास्त या अर्थाने above वापरतात.
e.g. Krishna’s payment isn’t above his income.
(iii) च्यावर असणे या अर्थाने above चा वापर करतात.
e.g. There are four names above mine in the list.
(2) in, into, between, among, within, through.
(a) in :
(i) आत असून स्थिर असणे या अर्थाने in चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Ganpat is in his study room.
(ii) महिने, वर्ष, ऋतू दिवसाचा भाग यांच्यापूर्वी in वापरतात.
e.g. in the morning.
in December
in four months
in Winter
(iii) भविष्यकाळात होऊ घातलेल्या क्रियेचा उल्लेख करताना कालदर्शक शब्दापूर्वी in चा वापर करतात.
e.g. in a month
in four hours
in three weeks
in two ways
(iv) मोठी शहरे, राज्य, देश, यांच्या नावापूर्वी in चा वापर करतात.
e.g. in Mumbai
in America
in Maharashtra
(b) into :
(i) हालचाल करून आत येणे किंवा जाणे या अर्थाने into चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The boy is coming into the garden.
(ii) स्थितीत बदल होताना into चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Their rage melted into love.
(c) between :
(i) दोन वस्तू किंवा व्यक्ती यांच्यामध्ये असा उल्लेख असताना between चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Ganpat stood between Gopal and Krishna.
(d) among (amongst) :
(i) अनेकांच्यामध्ये असा उल्लेख असताना among चा वापर करतात.
e.g. He was lost among the crowd.
(e) within :
(i) एखाद्या कालावधीच्या समाप्तीच्या शेवटच्या क्षणाच्या आत अशा अर्थाने witnin वापरतात.
e.g. Hemant will return within a week.
(f) through :
(i) गती दाखविण्यासाठी through चा वापर च्यामधून पुढे जाणे या अर्थाने वापरतात.
e.g. We walked the rest of the way through the trees.
(ii) अनेक अडचणींमधून, एखाद्या कृतीमधून, स्वाभाविक वैशिष्ट्यांमधून अशा अर्थाने सुध्दा through चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Gopal has set up this through many difficulties.
All this was done through jeaslousy.
(3) down, under, below, beneath
(a) down :
(i) खालच्या दिशेने जाणे या अर्थाने down चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The train is going down to Bhusawal.
(ii) खाली या अर्थाने स्थैर्य निश्चित करण्यासाठी down चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Sit down.
(b) under :
(i) एखाद्या वस्तूच्या खाली अशा अर्थाने under चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The farmer sits under a tree.
The dogs is sleeping under a bush.
(ii) ठराविक संख्येच्या आत अशा अर्थाने under चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The people present in the meeting were under five hundred.
(iii) एखाद्या हाताखाली असा उल्लेख असताना सुध्दा under चा वापर करतात.
e.g. They work under him.
(c) below :
(i) कनिष्ठ पदावर असणे असा उल्लेख असताना below चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Pankaj is below me in the office.
(ii) एखाद्या ठिकाणाहून खाली अशा अर्थाने below चा वापर करतात.
e.g. From the top of mountain we can see the lake below.
(iii) च्यापेक्षा कमी तापमानाची नोंद करताना below चा वापर करतात.
(d) beneath :
(i) एखाद्या ठिकाणाहून खाली अशा अर्थाने beneath चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The fruit fell upon the spot beneath.
(ii) कनिष्ट अवस्था (lower position)दाखविण्यासाठी beneath चा वापर करतात.
e.g. She makes friends beneath her.
(4) before after :
(a) before : अगोदर, पूर्वी समोर
(i) अगोदर या अर्थाने before चा वापर करतात.
e.g. January comes before February.
(ii) पूर्वी या अर्थाने before चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Ramnath doesn’t wake up before six o’clock.
(iii) समोर (in front of) या अर्थाने before चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The thief was brought before the Inspector of Police.
(iv) प्राधान्यक्रम दाखविण्यासाठी before चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Death before dishonor!
(b) after : नंतर, मागोमाग
(i) एखाद्या वस्तूनंतर असा उल्लेख असल्यास after चा वापर करतात.
e.g. April comes after March.
(ii) च्या मागोमाग अशा अर्थाने after वापरतात.
e.g. I shall enter after you.
(5) of, off :
(a) of : चा, ची, चे, च्या.
(i) षष्ठी विभक्ती स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी चा, ची, चे, च्या या अर्थाने of वापरतात.
e.g. This is a picture of a boy.
(ii) गुण (quality)दाखविण्यासाठी of चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Columbus was the man of action.
(iii) तुलना करताना of चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The elder brother is more intelligent of the two.
(b) off : च्या पासून दूर
(i) वियोग (Separation) दाखविण्यासाठी off चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Ahmad fell off the horse.
Take your leg off my hand.
(6) beside, besides :
(a) beside : बाजूला
(i) एखाद्या वस्तूच्या बाजूला असे वर्णन करताना beside चा वापर करतात.
e.g. There is a big stone lying beside the temple.
I sat beside the pond.
(b) besides : शिवाय
(i) एखाद्या गोष्टीत भर म्हणून besides चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Besides these toys mother bought some balloons and dolls too.
With your spirit nobody can stop you and besides, I will help you.
(7) with, without :
(a) with : च्या सह, च्या बरोबर, च्याशी, च्याने
(i) एखाद्या बरोबर (सह) अशा अर्थाने with चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The dog is walking with the farmer.
(ii) एखाद्या साधनाने कृती करणे असा उल्लेख असेल, तर त्या साधनापूर्वी with चा वापर करतात.
e.g. A mango is cut with the knife.
I write with a pen.
(b) without : शिवाय
(i) एखाद्या वस्तूशिवाय असा उल्लेख असताना without चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Some students came without books.
Nobody can live without food.
(8) since, for :
(a) since : तेव्हापासून, आतापर्यत
(i) since कालदर्शक आहे. अमूक एका काळापासून आजपर्यंत (point of time)असा उल्लेख करताना since चा वापर
करतात.
e.g. Gopal has been learning in this school since 2006.
Raman has been here since Monday.
(b) for : च्यासाठी, अमूक काळासाठी
(i) च्यासाठी अशा उल्लेखाच्या वेळी for वापरतात.
e.g. The soldier did their best for the nation.
(ii) for हे ठराविक कालमर्यादा (length of time) दाखविण्यासाठी वापरतात.
e.g. The child has been sleeping for two hours.
(iii) for चा वापर purpose, reason, exchange, in spite of, अशा संबंधासाठी सुध्दा करतात.
e.g. Walking is good for health.
He was punished for theft.
He sold all his ornaments for a petty sum.
There are three conditions for combination.
(9) by, at, to :
(a) by : कडून, जवळ, ने
(i) Passive Voice मध्ये by चा उपयोग करतात.
e.g. A letter is written by me.
(ii) एखाद्या वस्तूजवळ अशा अर्थाने by चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Mother stands by the iron stove.
(iii) वाहनांच्या नावापूर्वी by चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The boys go to school by bus.
(iv) साहित्यिकांच्या नावापूर्वी by वापरतात.
e.g. The book is written by Rabindranath Tagore.
(v) च्या सुमारास उल्लेख असताना by  वापरतात.
e.g. I shall be at your house by four.
(b) at : कडे, जवळ, आत, वेळ सूचविण्यासाठी (वाजता)
(i) एखाद्याकडे असे वर्णन असताना at वापरतात.
e.g. The child throws a ball at the woman.
The students are looking at the blackboard.
(ii) एखाद्या वस्तूजवळ असा उल्लेख असताना at वापरतात.
e.g. Yashmeen is standing at the window.
Mohan is at the gate.
(iii) मध्ये या अर्थाने at वापरतात.
e.g. Mangesh, meet me at my office.
Gopal lives at Palasner.
(iv) वेळ सूचविण्यासाठी वाजता या अर्थाने at वापरतात.
e.g. Leela gets up at seven o’clock.
(v) सणांच्या नावापूर्वी at वापरतात.
e.g. At Diwali, At Durga Puja.
(c) to : कडे, पर्यंत, ला, पेक्षा
(i) एखाद्या ठिकाणाकडे जाताना गती दर्शविण्यासाठी at चा वापर करतात.
e.g. I go to school.
(ii) पासून…….. पर्यंत असा उल्लेख असल्यास to वापरतात.
e.g. They were travelling from Mumbai to Pune by train.
(iii) चतूर्थी विभक्तीमध्ये पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांच्या चतूर्थी विभक्तीच्या रूपापूर्वी to वापरतात.
e.g. Mother gave sweets to me.
(iv) पेक्षा या अर्थाने prefer नंतर to वापरतात.
e.g. I prefer milk to tea.
(10) across, beyond :
(a) across : च्या पलिकडे
एका बाजूकडून दुस-या बाजूकडे  असा उल्लेख असताना across वापरतात.
e.g. There is a bridge across the river.
(b) beyond : पलिकडे
एखाद्या वस्तूच्या पलिकडे असे वर्णन करताना beyond वापरतात.
e.g. My village is beyond that hill.
(11) about : विषयी, सुमारे, इकडे तिकडे
(i) च्या विषयी काही सांगताना about चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Lonar village is about 800 kms from Mumbai.
(ii) वेळ सूचित करण्यासाठी सुमारे या अर्थाने about चा वापर करतात.
e.g. It is about ten o’clock.
(iii) सभोवार किंवा इकडे तिकडे या अर्थाने about चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The hare is running about into the forest.
(iv) च्या बेतात अशा अर्थाने सुध्दा about वापरतात.
e.g. The bus is about to go.
(12) along : च्या बाजूने
रस्त्याने चालताना समांतर रेषेत चालणे या अर्थाने along चा उपयोग करतात.
e.g. She was going along the road.
We went for a stroll along the seashore.
(13) behind : पाठीमागे
at the back of या अर्थाने behind चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The child hid behind his mother.
There was a small pond behind the house.
(14) around : सभोवती
सभोवती या अर्थाने around चा वापर करतात.
e.g. There are a lot of trees and bushes around my village.
(15) from : पासून, हून, कडून
(i) एखाद्या ठिकाणाहून येणे असा उल्लेख असताना त्या स्थळापूर्वी from वापरतात.
e.g. Avinash is coming from Pune.
The boy returned from the school.
(ii) एखाद्या आजाराने त्रस्त असतांना त्या रोगाच्या नावापूर्वी from वापरतात.
e.g. Seeta is suffering from cold.
(iii) Source (उगम, मूळ) दाखविण्यासाठी from वापरतात.
e.g. Shripati borrowed a plough from his friend.
(iv) एखाद्या कृतीचा मर्यादित कालावधी नमूद करतांना  त्या कालावधीच्या सुरूवातीच्या कालवाचक शब्दापूर्वी from
वापरतात.
e.g. The examination will be held from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m.
(16) against : च्या विरुध्द
(i) विरोध (opposition) दाखविण्यासाठी against चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Shivaji fought against the mighty rulers.
(ii) Pressure दाखविण्यासाठी against चा वापर करतात.
e.g. She rubbed her neck against my knee.
Some more examples for practice :
* Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions from those given in the brackets :
(1) There is a view point high …… the hill. (on/in)
There is a view point high on the hill.
(2) The caves at Ajanta and Ellora were hewn …… a hammer and chisel. (with/in)
The caves at Ajanta and Ellora were hewn with a hammer and chisel.
(3) You can see both these wonders fairly comfortably ……. two days. (in/with)
You can see both these wonders fairly comfortably in two days.
(4) I try on some new clothes in front ……. the mirror. (off/of)
I try on some new clothes in front of the mirror.
(5) …… the meal I meant to seize any opportunity. (during/through)
During the meal I meant to seize any opportunity.
(6) She had stopped doing …….. father’s death months ago. (for/since)
She had stopped doing since father’s death months ago.
(7) He found a beggar lying …….. a tree. (underneath/beneath)
He found a beggar lying underneath a tree.
(8) ……. the least hesitation, he gave the cap to the beggar. (with/ without)
Without the least hesitation, he gave the cap to the beggar.
(9) She was plunged …… the depths of sorrow. (in/into)
She was plunged into the depths of sorrow.
(10) He lived all alone in a hut …….. the end of the town. (at/by)
He lived all alone in a hut at the end of the town.
Learn this :

(i) Bhaurao was admitted in a Jain students’ Hostel. Here ‘in’ is used to tell the place. (ii) Annasaheb Latthe was the Finance Minister of Bombay in the First Congress Ministry. Here ‘in’ is used for speaking the things. (iii) He also came in cantact with Shahu Maharaj. Here ‘in’ is used in a phrase. (iv) In May 1994, the statue of Queen Victoria was defaced with tar. Here ‘in’ is used to mention month and period. यावरुन हे सिद्ध होते की, शब्दयोगी अव्ययांचे कार्य मर्यादित नसून ते त्या वाक्याच्या संदर्भावर अवलंबून असते.
* Exercise *
*  Fill in the blanks with the proper prepositions given in the brackets :
(1) You obtain the first view of the great Buddhist caves hewn …….sheer rock. (in/with)
(2) You pass much flat county ……. the way. (on/in)
(3) ……the decline of Buddhism, they their importance. (with/in)
(4) Today is not a special day ……. the calendar. (on/in)
(5) I am very proud ……. my nice mother. (off/of)
(6) They work magic ……. me. (in/on)
(7) I decided to tell her once I walked …… the house. (into/in)
(8) I have given public speech ……. many occasions. (about/on)
(9) I dashed ……. the study. (into/in)
(10) The opposite …… love is not hate. (off/of)
(11) Gladstone was preparing a speech he was to deliver …….. parliament. (in/into)
(12) His feet were stained ……. mud.  (with/of)
(13) The beggar pointed to the cap which was …… Sadhu Vaswani’s head. (upon/on)
(14) She came out ….. her mension. (of/off)
(15) Her face was wreathed ……. smiles. (in/with)
(16) We pass …… this world but once. (into/through)
(17) He lived only ……fruits so that he did not have to cook. (on/with)
(18) The birds brought little fruits …… their breaks. (with/in)
(19) I always wanted to roam the forests ……. him. (with/under)
(20) I could have died …… fright. (with/of)
(21) We sat …… the Varandah. (in/on)
(22) Payal had dived …… the water. (in/into)
(23) I broke …… a cold sweat! (into/with)
(24) We walked the rest of the way …… the trees. (beside/through)
(25) We were now the best ……. friends. (of/with)
(26) She rubbed her neck ……. my knee. (on/against)
(27) She would never put her foot …….the earth. (on/upon)
(28) Wilma was matched ……. a woman named Jutta Heine. (with/against)
(29) My Robbi is made ……. shining metals. (of/with)
(30) It  comes ……. air. (through/from)
(31) Raghu was standing ……. his sister. (beside/besides)
(32) Yash stood …..... Suman and Sweta. (among/between)
(33) …… dinner, she spends an hour or more on homework. (after/before)
(34) Indeed ……. the ages so many temples came to be built here. (through/in)
(35) It’s high enough to cut …… roads, rivers and high tension cables. (across/beyond)
(36) The house is ……. the tree. (behind/beside)
(37) The tiny hill railway made its appearance …….. 1907. (in/on)
(38) …… this time I catch up with the morning news. (within/during)
(39) I stayed ……. my Guru in a village near Karwar. (with/by)
(40)They would scatter like a flock ……. startled pigeons. (of/off)
ANSWERS
Prepositions
[I] (1) in (2) on (3) with (4) on (5) of (6) on (7) into (8) on (9) into (10) of (11) in (12) with (13) on (14) of (15) in (16) through (17) on (18) in (19) with (20) of (21) in (22) into  (23) into (24) through (25) of (26) against (27) on (28) against (29) of (30) from (31) beside (32) between (33) after (34) through (35) across (36) behind (37) in (38) during (39) with (40) of








Primary Auxilliaries (प्राथमिक साहय्यकारी क्रियापदे)
* Auxiliary Verbs :
मुख्य क्रियापदांना अपूर्ण अर्थ पूर्ण करण्यास मदत करणा-या क्रियापदांना साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे (Auxiliaries
Verbs/Helping Verbs) असे म्हणतात.
*  एकूण साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे  24 आहेतः
am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, should, will, would, can, could,
may, might, must, ought to, need, dare, used to.
*  साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांचे वर्गीकरणः
साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांचे वर्गीकरण दोन गटात करता येते.
(1) Primary Auxiliaries : am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did
(2) Modal Auxiliaries : shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need,
dare, used to.
(1) Primary Auxiliaries :
Primary Auxiliaries वाक्यामध्ये मुख्य क्रियापदे व साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे अशा दोन्ही प्रकारची कार्ये करीत
असतात; म्हणून त्यांना Special Auxiliaries असे म्हणतात.
(1) मुख्य क्रियापदे म्हणून खालील वाक्यांमध्ये Primary Auxiliaries चे कार्य समजून घ्या.
e.g. I am a farmer.  Birds have wings.
Shankar is a farm-worker.            He has a doll.
Some students are very shy.       Pankaj did his homework.
We do our work in the garden.     It wasn’t true.
Seema does her housework.       They were ready to do so.
(2) अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये am, is, are आणि अपूर्ण भुतकाळ्मध्ये was, were ह्या to be च्या रुपांचा साहाय्यकारी
क्रियापदे म्हणून उपयोग करतात.
e.g. I am playing.          She was playing.
He is playing.         They were playing.
We are playing.
(3) पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ व चालू वर्तमानकाळामध्ये have आणि has चा आणि पूर्ण भूतकाळ व पूर्ण चालू भूतकाळामध्ये
had ह्या to have च्या रुपांचा साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे म्हणून वापर करतात.
e.g. I have written a letter.         He had written a letter.
He has written a letter.       He had been playing cricket.
I have been learning English for 8 hours.
He has been learning Sanskrit for 2 hours.
(4) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात do, does, आणि साध्या भूतकाळात did चा वापर प्रश्नार्थक व नकारार्थी वाक्ये तयार
करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. Do you write a letter?      Did he read a book?
Does he write a letter?    She did not run.
They do not play.             He does not play.
* to be, to have, to do जेव्हा मुख्य क्रियापदे कार्य करतात; तेव्हा इतर मुख्य क्रियापदांप्रमाणे त्यांची रुपे होत
असतात. त्यांच्या रुपांचा खालील तक्त्यावरुन काळजीपूर्वक अभ्यास करा.

क्रियापद	Infinitive	First Form	Second Form	Present Participle/ Gerund	Past participle
be have do	to be to have to do	am/is/are have/has do/does	was/were had did	being having doing	been had done
* प्रत्येक साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदाची माहितीः
(1) am : आहे.
(i) am हे to be चे वर्तमानकाळी रुप आहे.
(ii) am चा वापर फक्त I ह्या प्रथमपूरुषी एकवचनी सर्वनामाबरोबरच वर्तमानकाळामध्ये करतात.
(iii) am चे उपयोगः
(a) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळमध्ये am चा वापर करतात.
e.g. I am reading a book.
(b) मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये am चा वापर करतात.
e.g. I am a farmer.
I am a student.
(c) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना am चा वापर वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस करुन शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. Am I right?
(d) नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना am नंतर not वापरतात.
e.g. I am not a farmer.
(2) is : आहे.
(i) is हे to be चे वर्तमानकाळी एकवचनी रुप आहे.
(ii) is चा वापर वर्तमानकाळामध्ये he, she, it, this, that, here, there या कर्त्यांबरोबर करतात.
(iii) is चे उपयोग ः
(a) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये is चा वापर करतात.
e.g. He is playing.
(b) साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये Active Voice मधून Passive Voice करताना कर्म एकवचनी असेल तर is चा
वापर करतात.
e.g. Seeta writes a letter. (Active Voice)
A letter is written by Seeta. (Passive Voice)
(c) मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून is चा साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये उपयोग करतात.
e.g. This is a book.
That is a bird.
(d) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस is चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Is it a book?
Is it true?
Is it right?
(e) नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना is नंतर not वापरतात.
e.g. It is not a book.
(3) are : आहेत, आहात, आहोत, आहेस.
(i) are हे to be चे वर्तमानकाळी अनेकवचनी रुप आहे. अपवाद ःएकवचनी you बरोबर are वापरतात.
(ii) are चा वापर वर्तमानकाळामध्ये we, you, you, they, these, those या आणि इतर सर्व अनेकवचनी
कर्त्यांबरोबर करतात.
(iii) are चे उपयोग ः
(a) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये are चा वापर करतात.
e.g. We are playing.
You are playing.
They are playing.
(b) साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये Active Passive मधून Passive Voice करताना कर्म अनेकवचनी असेल, तर are
चा वापर करतात.
e.g. I eat mangoes. (Active Voice)
Mangoes are eaten by me. (Passive Voice)
(c) मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून are चा साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये उपयोग करतात.
e.g. We are boys.
You are a girl.
You are girls.
They are children.
These are books.
Those are sticks.
(d) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस are चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Are they crying?
Are they right?
(e) नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना are नंतर not वापरतात.
e.g. They are not playing.
(4) was : होता – ती – ते – त्या
(i) was  हे to be चे भूतकाळी एकवचनी रुप आहे.
(ii) was चा वापर भूतकाळामध्ये I, He, She, It या पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांबरोबर आणि इतर सर्व एकवचनी
कर्त्यांबरोबर करतात.
(iii) was चे उपयोगः      (a) अपूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून was चा वापर करतात.
e.g. I was playing.
He was playing.
She was playing.
It was playing.
(b) साध्या भूतकाळामध्ये Active Voice मधून Passive Voice करताना कर्म एकवचनी असेल, तर त्यानंतर
was चा वापर करतात.
e.g. I heard a story.  (Active Voice)
A story was heard by me. (Passive Voice)
(c) मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून was  चा साध्या भूतकाळामध्ये उपयोग करतात.
e.g. He was present there.
She was intelligent.
It wasn’t true.
I was ready to do so.
(d) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस was चा वापर करुन शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. Was they playing?
Was the child crying?
Was she present?
(e) नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना was नंतर not वापरतात.
e.g. It was not true.
(5) were : होते – त्या – तास – ता – तो
(i) were हे to be चे भूतकाळी अनेकवचनी रुप आहे. अपवादः एकवचनी you बरोबर were वापरतात.
(ii) were चा वापर भूतकाळामध्ये we, you, you, they या पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांबरोबर आणि इतर सर्व
अनेकवचनी कर्त्यांबरोबर करतात.
(iii) were चे उपयोगः
(a) अपूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून were चा वापर करतात.
e.g. We are playing.
You were playing.
They were playing.
(b) साध्या भूतकाळामध्ये Active Voice मधून Passive Voice करताना कर्म अनेकवचनी असेल, तर were
चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Seeta ate mangoes. (Active Voice)
Mangoes were eaten by Seeta. (Passive Voice)
(c) मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून साध्या भूतकाळात were चा उपयोग करतात.
e.g. There were some books on the table.
There were old buildings in the middle of the city.
(d) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस were चा वापर करुन शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. Were they playing?
(e) नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना were नंतर not वापरतात.
e.g. There were not books in the cupboard.
*  Learn this :
(1) To be ची वर्तमानकाळी रुपे आणि पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे दर्शविणारा तक्ता.

वचन पुरुष	एकवचन	अनेकवचन
प्रथम पुरुष	I am (मी आहे)	We are (आम्ही आहोत)
द्‍वितीय पुरुष	You are (तू आहेस)	You are (तुम्ही आहात)
तृतीय पुरुष	He is (तो आहे) She is (ती आहे) It is (ते आहे)	They are (ते – त्या – ती आहेत)
(II) To be ची भूतकाळी रुपे आणि पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे यांचा संबंध दर्शविणारा तक्ता.

वचन पुरुष	एकवचन	अनेकवचन
प्रथम पुरुष	I was (मी होतो)	We were (आम्ही होतो)
द्‍वितीय पुरुष	You were (तु होतास)	You were (तुम्ही होते)
तृतीय पुरुष	He was (तो होता) She was (ती होती) It was (ते होते)	They were (ते – त्या – ती होते)
(III) (a) being हे To be ह्या मुख्य क्रियापदाचे Present Participle आहे. त्याचा उपयोग अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळी व
अपूर्ण भूतकाळी वाक्यांचा Active Voice मधून Passive Voice करताना करतात.
e.g. I am writing a letter. (Active Voice)
A letter is being written by me. (Passive Voice)
Seeta was reading a book. (Active Voice)
A book was being read by Seeta. (Passive Voice)
(b) been हे  To be ह्या क्रियापदाचे Past Participle आहे. त्याचा उपयोग Perfect Continuous Tense
मध्ये करतात.
e.g. I have been living in this city since 2006.
(c) been चा वापर पूर्ण काळाचा Active Voice मधून Passive Voice करताना करतात.
e.g. I have read a book. (Active Voice)
A book has been read by me. (Passive Voice)
(d) be (बी) म्हणजे होणे किंवा असणे. त्यापूर्वी to जोडला म्हणजे to be हे क्रियापदाचे मूळ रुप तयार होते.
e.g. I want to be a doctor.
* Learn this :

To be ची सर्व रुपेः To be ची वर्तमानकाळी रुपेः am, is, are To be ची भूतकाळी रुपेः was, were To be ची भविष्यकाळी रुपेः shall be, will be मुख्य क्रियापद असताना To be चे Present Participle : being मुख्य क्रियापद असताना To be चे Past Participle : been मुख्य क्रियापद असताना To be चे infinitive रुपः to be
(6) have : च्या जवळ असणे, ला असणे, मालकीचे असणे.
(i) have हे  to have चे वर्तमानकाळी रुप आहे.
(ii) have चा वापर वर्तमानकाळामध्ये I, we, you, you, they या पाच पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांबरोबर आणि इतर
सर्व अनेकवचनी कर्त्यांबरोबर करतात.
(iii) have चे उपयोगः
(a) have चा उपयोग पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये करतात.
e.g. I have heard a story.
We have heard a story.
You have heard a story.
You have heard a story.
They have heard a story.
(b) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून have चा उपयोग पूर्ण चालू वर्तमानकाळामध्ये करतात.
e.g. I have been learning in this school.
We have been learning in this school.
(c) मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये have चा उपयोग करतात.
e.g. I have a book.
Birds have wings.
(d) have चा अर्थ take (खाणे, पिणे), receive (मिळणे), experience (अनुभवणे) असेही असू शकतात. अशा
वाक्यात have मुख्य क्रियापदाचे कार्य करीत असते.
e.g. We have lunch at twelve.
We have tea in the afternoon.
They have a letter from their friend.
(e) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस have चा वापर करुन शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. Have birds wings?
Have you heard that bad news of murder?
(f) नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना have नंतर not चा वापर करतात.
e.g. They have not read books.
I have not heard a story.
(g) प्रयोजक क्रियापद (Causative Verb) म्हणूनही have चा वापर करतात.
e.g. I have my chair repaired.
(7) has : च्या जवळ असणे, ला असणे, मालकीचे असणे
(i) has हे to have चे वर्तमानकाळी रुप आहे.
(ii) has चा वापर वर्तमानकाळामध्ये he, she, it, या तृतीय पुरुषी एकवचनी सर्वनामांबरोबर आणि इतर
एकवचनी कर्त्यांबरोबर करतात.
(iii) has चे उपयोगः
(a) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून has चा उपयोग पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये करतात.
e.g. He has read a lesson.
She has read a lesson.
It has broken a toy.
(b) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून have चा उपयोग चालू पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये करतात.
e.g. He has been living in this town since 2006.
She has been waiting for an hour.
It has been crying for half an hour.
(c) मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये has चा उपयोग करतात.
e.g. He has a pen.
She has a bag.
It has a doll.
(d) has चा अर्थ take (खाणे, पिणे), receive(मिळणे), experience (अनुभवणे) असेही असू शकतात. अशा
वाक्यात has मुख्य क्रियापदाचे कार्य करीत असते.
e.g. He has lunch at one.
She has tea in the morning.
It has a toy from his mother.
(e) प्रयोजक क्रियापद म्हणूनही has वापरतात.
e.g. He has his room painted.
(f) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस has चा वापर करुन शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. Has it a doll?
Has she written a letter?
(g) नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना has नंतर not चा वापर करतात.
e.g. It has not a doll.
She has not written a letter.
*  Learn this :
To have ची वर्तमानकाळी रुपे आणि पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे दर्शविणारा तक्ता.

वचन पुरुष	एकवचन	अनेकवचन
प्रथम पुरुष	I have (माझ्याजवळ आहे)	We have (आमच्याजवळ आहे)
द्‍वितीय पुरुष	You have (तुझ्याजवळ आहे)	You have (तुझ्याजवळ आहे)
तृतीय पुरुष	He has (त्यांच्याजवळ आहे) She has (तिच्याजवळ आहे) It has (त्याच्याजवळ आहे)	They have (त्यांच्याजवळ आहे)
(8) had : जवळ होते, मालकीचे होते.
(i) had हे to have चे भूतकाळी रुप आहे. had हे have आणि has चे भूतकाळी रुप आहे.
(ii) had चा वापर भूतकाळामध्ये सर्व कर्त्यांबरोबर करतात.
(iii) had चे उपयोगः
(a) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून had चा उपयोग Past Perfect Tense मध्ये (पूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये) करतात.
e.g. I had written a letter.
She had read a lesson.
It had broken a toy.
(b) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून had चा उपयोग Past Perfect Continuous Tense मध्ये (पूर्ण चालू
भूतकाळामध्ये) करतात.
e.g. Mr. Shastri had been waiting the Head Master for an hour on in the teacher room.
(c) मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून had चा वापर साध्या भूतकाळात करतात.
e.g. She had some bangles.
I had a story book by Tagore.
(d) प्रयोजक क्रियापद म्हणूनही had चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Sachin had his bicycle repaired.
(e) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना had चा वापर वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस करुन शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. Had you read this book?
Had she written a letter?
(f) नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना had नंतर not चा वापर करतात.
e.g. I had not read this book.
* Learn this :

(i) To have ची वर्तमानकाळी रुपेः have, has (ii) To have चे भूतकाळी रुपः had (iii) मुख्य क्रियापद असताना to have चे Present Participle : having (iv) मुख्य क्रियापद असताना to have चे Past Participle : had (v) To have ची भविष्यकाळी रुपेः shall have, will have (vi) मुख्य क्रियापद असताना To have चे Infinitive रुपः to have
(9) do : साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद असताना अर्थ नसतो. जसा वापर तसा संदर्भानुसार अर्थ. मुख्य क्रियापद असताना
अर्थ करणे.
e.g. I do my work. (मी माझे काम करतो.)
Don’t do it again. (पून्हा असे करु नकोस.)
Do it. (हे कर.)
Do you like it? (तुला हे आवडते का?)
(i) Do हे to do चे वर्तमानकाळी रुप आहे.
(ii) do चा वापर साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये I, We, You, You, They, या पाच पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामाबरोबर
आणि इतर अनेकवचनी कर्त्यांबरोबर करतात.
(iii) do चे उपयोगः
(a) साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस do  वापरुन शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह
देतात.
e.g. We read a newspaper.
Do we read a newspaper?
(b) साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये नकारार्थी वाक्य करताना कर्त्यांनंतर do not चा वापर करतात.
e.g. They work in the garden.
They do not work in the garden.
It has been crying for half an hour.
(c) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य नकारार्थी करण्यासाठी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस Don’t (Do + not) चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Don’t talk. (बोलू नकोस.)
Don’t move. (हालचाल करु नकोस.)
Don’t cry. (ओरडू नकोस.)
Don’t do it again. (पुन्हा असे करु नकोस.)
(d) मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून do चा वापर साध्या वर्तमानकाळात करतात.
e.g. I do my homework.
They do their work in the garden.
(e) विनंती करण्यासाठी do चा वापर वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस please ऐवजी करतात.
e.g. Do help me, my child.
(Please help me, my child.)
(बाळ, कृपया मला मदत कर.)
(f) कधी कधी जोर देतानाही do चा वापर करण्यात येतो. अशा वाक्यांमध्ये निश्चिती दाखविण्यासाठी do चा
उपयोग करतात.
e.g. Do I came. (मी निश्चित येतो/मी येतोच.)
(g) do या साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदाने सुरु होणा-या प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यांचे उत्तर थोडक्यात देताना Yes किंवा No चा
वापर करतात. अशा उत्तरांमध्ये मुख्य क्रियापद न वापरता कर्त्यांनंतर do किंवा don’t वापरण्याची पद्‍धत
आहे.
e.g. Do you write a letter?
Yes, I do. Or No, I don’t
*  Learn this :
What do you do? (तु काय करतोस?)
How do you do? (कसे काय? कसे काय चालले आहे तुझे?)
वरील प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यांमध्ये दोन do आहेत. त्यांची कार्ये समजून घेऊ.
(i) do : प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामानंतर आलेला do साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदाचे काम करतो. प्रश्न विचारण्यास मदत करणे
हे त्याचे काम, त्याला येथे अर्थ नाही.
(ii) do : you या पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामानंतर म्हणजेच कर्त्यांनंतर आलेला do मुख्य क्रियापदाचे काम करतो.त्याचा
अर्थ ‘करणे’ असा आहे. काही वाक्यांमध्ये संदर्भानुसार त्याचा अभिप्रेत असतो.
(10) does : साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद असताना अर्थ नसतो. जसा वापर तसा संदर्भ समजून घ्यावा. मुख्य क्रियापद
असताना अर्थ करतो/ करते.
e.g. Gopal does homework.
Seeta does homework.
Gopal doesn’t like weaving.
(i) does हे to do चे वर्तमानकाळी रुप आहे.
(ii) does  चा वापर वर्तमानकाळामध्ये he, she, it या तृतीय पुरुषी एकवचनी पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांबरोबर
आणि इतर सर्व एकवचनी कर्त्यांबरोबर करतात.
(iii) does चे उपयोगः
(a) साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस does चा वापर करुन मुख्य
क्रियापदास लागलेला s किंवा es प्रत्यय काढून टाकतात. शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. (i) Krishna goes to school.
Does Krishna go to school?
(ii) Seeta reads a novel.
Does Seeta read a novel?
(b) साध्या वर्तमानकाळामध्ये नकारार्थी वाक्य करताना कर्त्यांनंतर does not चा वापर करुन मुख्य क्रियापदास
लागलेला s किंवा es प्रत्यय काढून टाकतात.
e.g. (i) Krishna lives in Mumbai.
Krishna does not live in Mumbai.
(ii) Ganpat swims in the river.
Ganpat does not swim in the river.
(c) मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून does चा वापर साध्या वर्तमानकाळात करतात.
e.g. Gopal does his work.
Seeta does her homework.
(d) does या साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदाने सुरु होणा-या प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यांचे उत्तर थोडक्यात देताना Yes किंवा No
चा वापर करतात. अशा उत्तरांमध्ये मुख्य क्रियापद न वापरता कर्त्यांनंतर does किंवा doesn’t वापरण्याची
पद्‍धत आहे.
e.g. Does Pankaj eat a mango?
Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t
(11) did : साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद असताना अर्थ नसतो. जसा संदर्भ तसा अर्थ समजून घ्यावा. मुख्य क्रियापद असताना
अर्थ केले / करीत असे.
(i) did हे to do चे भूतकाळी रुप आहे. (do किंवा does चे भूतकाळी रुप)
(ii) did चा वापर भूतकाळात सर्व कर्त्यांबरोबर करतात.
(iii) did चे उपयोगः
(a) साध्या भूतकाळामध्ये प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस did हे साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद
वापरून भूतकाळी क्रियापदाचे वर्तमानकाळी रुप वापरतात. शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. (i) John sold caps.
Did John sell caps?
(b) साध्या भूतकाळात नकारार्थी वाक्य करताना कर्त्यांनंतर did not (didn’t) वापरुन भूतकाळी क्रियापदाचे
वर्तमानकाळी रुप वापरतात.
e.g. (i) John woke up.
John did not wake up.
(c) मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून did चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Gopal did his homework.
Seeta did her housework.
(d) did या साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदाने सुरु होणा-या प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यांचे उत्तर थोडक्यात देताना Yes किंवा No
चा वापर करतात. अशा उत्तरांमध्ये मुख्य क्रियापद न वापरता कर्त्यांनंतर did किंवा didin’t वापरण्याची
पद्‍धत आहे.
e.g. Did Leela throw a ball?
Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t
* Learn this :
(I) To do ची वर्तमानकाळी रुपे आणि पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे दर्शविणारा तक्ता.

वचन पुरुष	एकवचन	अनेकवचन
प्रथम पुरुष	I do	We do
द्‍वितीय पुरुष	You do	You do
तृतीय पुरुष	He does She does It does	They do
वरील तक्ता कोणत्या पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांबरोबर साध्या वर्तमानकाळात कोणते To do चे रुप वापरतात ते स्पष्ट
करण्यासाठी आहे.
(II) To do ची सर्व रुपेः

(i) वर्तमानकाळी रुपेः do, does (ii) भूतकाळी रुपः did (iii) मुख्य क्रियापद असताना Present Participle : doing (iv) मुख्य क्रियापद असताना Past Participle : done (v) मुख्य क्रियापद असताना Infinitive : to do
* Exercise *
[I] Fill in the blanks with proper verb forms given in the brackets :
(1) Birds ……. wings. (have/ has)
(2) There …… a mango tree in my field. ( are/ is)
(3) Many of the students ……. ready to take part in the competitions. (is/ are)
(4) One of thieves ……. caught by the police. (are/ is)
(5) How many books ……. you? (have / has)
(6) They …… like to swim the river. (don’t / doesn’t)
(7) …….. you live in a city? (do/ does)
(8) What …… Monica do now? (to do)
(9) Yesterday Radhika …… ill. (to be)
(10) ……. you found my lost pen? (have / has)
(11) ……. loudly. (not cry)
(12) Amit …… written a letter yesterday. (to have)
[II] Change the following sentence into negatives :
(1) Meera is a good cook.
(2) I have a dog.
(3) He begins like this.
(4) She does her work quietly.
(5) Bhimsen loved music.
[III] Change the following sentence into interrogatives :
(1) She was happy to come.
(2) They had some books.
(3) My grandfather sold the house.
(4) Children works in the kitchen.
ANSWERS
Primary Auxiliaries
[I] (1) have (2) is (3) are (4) is (5) have (6) don’t (7) Do (8) does (9) was (10) Have (11) Don’t cry (12) had
[II]

1. Meera isn’t a good cook.
2. I haven’t a dog.
3. He doesn’t like this.
4. She doesn’t do her work quietly.
5. Bhimsen didn’t love music.
[III]

1. Was she happy to come?
2. Had they some books?
3. Did my grandfather sell the house?
4. Do children love toys?
5. Does mother work in the kitchen?








Model Auxilliaries (अभिवृत्तीदर्शक साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे)
Model Auxiliaries/Models are used when we want to indicate our attitude towards what we
are saying. (आपल्याला हे सांगायचे असते, ते सूचित करण्यासाठी Models चा वापर करतात.)
* Models : shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, ought to, used
to.
*    The Characteristics of the Models (Models ची वैशिष्ट्ये) ः

(i)  They are never used alone. (त्यांचा स्वतंत्र वापर होत नाही.) (ii)  They are always used with the base form of verbs. (त्यांच्यानंतर क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप वापरतात.) (iii)  They indicate the feelings or purpose in our minds. (ते आपल्या मनातील भावना किंवा हेतू सूचित करतात.) (iv)  They have only one form. (त्यांचे फक्त साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून एकच रुप असते.) (v)  They do not have the infinitive or participle forms. (त्यांची infinitives किंवा participles अथवा इतर कोणतीच रुपे होत नाहीत.) (vi)  They have no ‘-s’ in the third person singular. (vii)  They are used with all persons.
*    Information about Models :
(1)  shall : चा वापर आज्ञा, वचन, धमकी, निश्चय व्यक्त करण्यासाठी द्वितीय व तृतीय पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांबरोबर
करतात.
e.g. They shall succeed in their aim. (निश्चय)
You shall get all your books. (वचन)
He shall be banished. (धमकी)
She shan’t cross the river. (आज्ञा)
Shall I fix a piece of jam and bread for you? (offer)
* shall चा वापर दुस-याची इच्छा / अपेक्षा जाणून घेण्यासाठी प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यात प्रथम पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांबरोबर
करतात.
e.g. What shall I do?
Shall I shut the window?
Shall I prepare tea for you?
* shall चा वापर हुकूम आणि उपदेश करताना विनंती सूचित करण्यासाठी प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यात प्रथम पुरुषवाचक
सर्वनामांबरोबर करतात.
e.g. Where shall we put your books, Sir?
Which one shall I buy both of these?
(2) should : चा वापर सल्ला देणे, कर्तव्याची जाणीव करुन देणे, बंधन व्यक्त करणे, एखादी गोष्ट करणे योग्य आहे हे
स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. We should obey the elders. (सल्ला / उपदेश)
They should help the needy. (कर्तव्य)
He should cross the road carefully. (बंधन)
The students should get up early in the morning. (योग्य गोष्ट)
*    अपेक्षा व्यक्त करण्यासाठी should चा वापर करतात.
e.g. You should pass in the first class.
*    ought to या अर्थाने देखील should चा वापर करतात.
e.g. We ought to serve the poor. (नैतिक कर्तव्य)
We should serve the poor. (शिफारस)
*    must ऐवजी सुध्दा should चा वापर केला जातो. Must मुळे सक्ती केली जाते, तर should मुळे अपेक्षा व्यक्त केली
जाते.
e.g. Monica must go there. (सक्ती)
Monica should go there. (अपेक्षा)
*    अनिश्चितता व्यक्त करण्यासाठी देखील should चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Should it rain, we shan’t go out.
(3) will : चा वापर मनातील निश्चय / दृढसंकल्पना व्यक्त करण्यासाठी प्रथम पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामांबरोबर करतात.
e.g. I will win the race.
We will win the World Cup.
*    इच्छा, आमंत्रण, सवय, वचन, करार, विनंती, आज्ञा, धमकी व्यक्त करण्यासाठी will चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Take what you will. (इच्छा)
Will you have a cup of juice? आमंत्रण)
A horse will always loyal to his master. (सवय)
We will help those poor kids. (वचन)
I will true to my words. (करार)
Will you open the window, please? (विनंती)
You will keep your word. (आज्ञा)
I will punished you, if you disobey my orders. (धमकी)
*    भविष्यकालीन घटना किंवा भाकीत करताना will चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Vinita will stand first in the examination.
(4) would : चा वापर इच्छा / अपेक्षा व्यक्त करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. I would, I were bird. (इच्छा)
I would, I had a camera. (अपेक्षा)
* Habitual action in the past व्यक्त करण्यासाठी would चा वापर करतात.
e.g. He would play cricket in his youth.
* संकल्प / निश्चय व्यक्त करण्यासाठी would  चा वापर करतात.
e.g. He would take part in the competition.
* would चा वापर offer करताना सुध्दा केला जातो.
e.g. Would you like a cup of tea? (offer)
* used to ऐवजी देखील would चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Sunil Gavaskar used to play cricket.
Sunil Gavaskar would play cricket.
* वर्तमानकाळात नम्रतापूर्वक विनंती करण्यासाठी would चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Would you bring that book here, please?
(5) can : चा वापर पात्रता, परवानगी, विनंती, हक्क, शक्यता, मनाई व्यक्त करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. I can swim. (पात्रता)
You can go now. (परवानगी)
Can I borrow your pen, please? (विनंती)
People can struggle for their bread and shelter. (हक्क)
He can win the race. (शक्यता)
You can’t go there. (मनाई)
Can I help you? (offer)
* प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यांमध्ये can वर जोर देऊन गोंधळ / उताविळपणा व्यक्त करतात.
e.g. What can Mr. Polak mean?
Where can they stay?
(6) could : चा वापर पात्रता, परवानगी, नम्र, विनंती, हक्क, शक्यता व्यक्त करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. Sachin could beat any bowler. (पात्रता / क्षमता)
Teacher told him that he could go then. (परवानगी)
Could you open the door, please? (विनंती)
Indians could fight for their freedom. (हक्क)
He could catch the ball. (शक्यता)
* वर्तमानकाळामध्ये प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यात could वर जोर देऊन गोंधळ / उताविळपणा व्यक्त करतात.
e.g. What could they mean?
Where could we wait?
(7) may : चा वापर परवानगी, औपचारिक विनंती, शक्यता, संभाव्यता व्यक्त करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. May I come in, Sir? (परवानगी)
May I borrow your book, please? (विनंती)
It may be right. (शक्यता)
It may rain soon. (संभाव्यता)
* इच्छादर्शक वाक्यात may चा वापर वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस करतात.
e.g. May God bless you!
May her soul leave in peace!
* मनाई व्यक्त करण्यासाठी may not वापरतात.
e.g. A : May I borrow your paper, please?
B : No, you may not.
(8) might : चा वापर वर्तमानकाळामध्ये परवानगी, औपचारिक विनंती, शक्यता, संभाव्यता व्यक्त करण्यासाठी
करतात.
e.g. Might I use your mobile? (परवानगी)
Might I borrow your bike, please? (विनंती)
They might win the match. (शक्यता)
It might rain soon. (संभाव्यता)
(9) must : चा वापर आवश्यकता, कर्तव्य, निश्चिती, मनाई, व्यक्त करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. You must study hard.(आवश्कता)
You must take care of your patents. (कर्तव्य)
They must caution him. (निश्चिती)
You must not get up late in the morning. (मनाई)
* must ऐवजी to have चा वापर केला जातो. must हे व्यक्तीवाचक असून to have चे अव्यक्तीवाचक आहे.
e.g. I must get up early. (व्यक्तीवाचक)
Next you have to turn right. (अव्यक्तीवाचक)
* must ला भूतकाळी रुप नाही; म्हणून Indirect Speech करताना त्याचे had to मध्ये रुपांतर करतात.
e.g. The teacher said, “We must go now.”
The teacher said that they had to go then.
* Remember : He must go now. He must go tomorrow. He had to go yesterday.
(10) need : चा वापर साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद म्हणून नकारार्थी वाक्यात सक्तीचा / आवश्यकतेचा अभाव व्यक्त
करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. You need not call the doctor.
You need not shout.
* गरज आहे का? हे विचारण्यासाठी प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यात वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस need चा वापरतात.
e.g. Need I call the doctor?
Need he go now?
(11) dare : चा वापर नकारार्थी व प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यात जास्त प्रमाणात करतात.
e.g. He dare not face the enemy. (नकारार्थी)
Dare he face the enemy? (प्रश्नार्थक)
* daresay चा वापर फक्त I बरोबरच करतात.
e.g. I daresay it will happen later.
* daresay = to venture to say (धाडस करणे)
* dare हे model verb असताना त्याची निरनिराळी रुपे होत नाहीत; परंतू त्याचा वापर main verb म्हणून केल्यास
त्याची इतर रुपे होतात. तेव्हा dare = to dare = to challenge (आव्हान देणे, समर्थ असणे) असा अर्थ होतो.
(12) ought to : चा वापर कर्तव्य, योग्य गोष्ट, सल्ला, संभाव्यता व्यक्त करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. We ought to take care of our parents. (कर्तव्य)
There ought to more buses during Diwali vacation. (योग्य गोष्ट)
You ought to study hard. (उपदेश)
It ought to rain soon. (संभाव्यता)
* ought to चा वापर बय्राचवेळा should सारखा केला जातो.
e.g. We ought to help the poor. (नैतिक कर्तव्य)
We should help the poor. (शिफारस)
* ought to चा वापर वर्तमानकाळी धातूसाधिताबरोबर केलेला असेल, तर वर्तमानकाळ आणि भूतकाळी
धातूसाधिताबरोबर केलेला असेल, तर भूतकाळाचा बोध होतो.
e.g. Gopal ought to tell the truth. (वर्तमानकाळ)
Gopal ought to have told the truth. (भूतकाळ)
(13) used to : चा वापर भूतकाळातील discontinued habit दर्शविणारा करतात.
e.g. She used to sing whenever she had time.
He used to play cricket before his marriage.
* used to चे नकारार्थी रुप = didn’t use to / never used to
e.g. Shankar didn’t use to drink wine.
Shankar never used to drink wine.
* used to चे प्रश्नार्थक रुप = did …… use to……?
e.g. Did he use to play cricket?
Did he use to drink wine?
* Exercise *
[I] Use proper model auxiliaries in the following by looking at the words underlined :
(1) It is not good for you to go wet in the rains.
(2) Is it all right if I open the door?
(3) It is necessary for you to take a break from the job.
(4) Abhilash has been working so hard this year. Most probably he will score the highest marks
in the class.
[II] Rewrite the following sentences using ‘will’ or ‘ can’ appropriately :
(1) Suhas is able to swim across the river.
(2) Rasmi has the ability of speaking well on all subject.
(3) We promise to help those poor kids.
(4) He is capable of solving any mathematical problem.
(5) If you stand first in the examination, I promise to buy you a beautiful wrist watch.
[III]  Rewrite the following sentences using ‘must’ :
(1) It is necessary to study hard if we want to be successful in the examination.
(2) It is necessary to prefer fresh food to keep our health good.
(3) It is necessary to obey the laws.
(4) For our healthy living, it is necessary to balance our diet with all required nutrients.
(5) “It is necessary for you to take this medicine, if you want to be alive”, the doctor advised him.
[IV] Complete the following sentences using proper model auxiliaries given in the brackets :
(1) …….. I know who is calling, please? (can/may)
(2) He …… send you a telegram. (might/could)
(3) Wise people say that we ……. complete ourselves with our own selves. (should/would)
(4) We …… constantly be on the lookout for better performance. (should/must)
(5) I …… keep the lamp of knowledge burning. (will/shall)
(6) Every village school …… have a trained teacher. (must/should)
(7) We …… try to adjust the timings for him. (would/could)
(8) We …… protect our environment. (would/should)
(9) They …… be self employed or can work for a travel agency. (may/can)
ANSWERS
Modal Auxiliaries
[I]

1. You should not go went in the rains
2. Would I open the door/
3. You must take a break from the job?
4. Abhilash has been working so hard this year. He might score the highest marks in the class.
[II]

1. Suhas can swim across the river.
2. Rashmi can speak well on all subjects.
3. We will help those poor kids.
4. He can solve any mathematical problems.
5. If you stand first in the examination, I will buy you a beautiful wrist watch.
[III]

1. We must study hard to be successful in the examination
2. We must prefer fresh food to keep our health good.
3. We must obey the laws.
4. For our healty living we must balance our diet with all required nutrients.
5. You must take this medicine to be alive.
[IV] (1) May (2) might (3) should (4) must (5) will (6) should (7) would (8) should (9) may







Non - finites (क्रियापदाची अमर्यादित रुपे)


There are three non – finite verb forms :
(1) The Infinitive form, with or without to.
(2) The ------ing form (Present Participle and Gerund)
(3) Past Participle (formed with –ed in regular verbs or in other ways for irregular verbs)
वैशिष्ट्येः
(i) Non-finite verbs do not have a subject.
(ii) They show no variation for tense.
(iii) All verbs have non-finite forms, except model auxiliaries.
*      The infinite without ‘to’ is often called the base form of the verb.
*      A participle adjective always either comes just before a noun and describes it or comes at
the end of the sentence immediately after ‘be’.
[I]   Infinitive (क्रियापदाचे मूळ रुप) -
The verb which is not limited by person and number is called the infinitive verb.
e.g. to write, to read, to come, to go, to run
टीपः Infinitive वर काळ, कर्ता, लिंग, वचन, पुरुष, यांचा परिणाम होत नाही.
e.g. I want to read a novel. They wanted to read a novel.
*    Infinitive चे उपयोगः
(1) मुख्य क्रियापदाचा कर्ता म्हणूनः e.g. To err is human.
(2) मुख्य क्रियापदाचे कर्म म्हणूनः e.g. I do not like to play.
(3) विशेषण म्हणूनः e.g. This is the time to study.
(4) क्रियाविशेषण म्हणूनः e.g. We eat to alive.
(5) क्रियापदाचे पूरक म्हणूनः e.g. His ambition is to stand first in the examination.
(6) शब्दयोगी अव्ययाचे कर्म म्हणूनः e.g. The bus is about to go.
(7) कर्मवाचक पूरक म्हणून (Objective Complement)
e.g. I saw Sachin play.
(8) Complex Sentences पासून Simple Sentence बनविताना Infinitive चा उपयोग करतात.
e.g. I wanted to buy a dictionary so I want to a bookshop.
I went to a bookshop to buy a dictionary.
(9) दोन Simple Sentence पासून एक Simple Sentence बनविताना Infinitive चा उपयोग करतात.
e.g. His property was sold. His debts had to be paid.
His property was sold to pay his debt.
10) वाक्य मर्यादित करण्यासाठी स्वयंपूर्ण म्हणूनः
e.g. To criticize, he isn’t a great man at all.
* Learn this :

* An infinitive is the form of a verb that is usually used with ‘to’ and can follow a noun, adjective or other verb. e.g. I have desire to go. (noun) It is important to go. (adjective) I want to go. (verb) * An infinitive can sometimes be used without ‘to’ when following certain verbs. e.g. I must go. * The following verbs take the ‘to’ – structure (verb + to …..) : offer, decide, hope, deserve, attempt, promise, agree, plain, aim, afford, manage, threaten, refuse, learn, forget, fail e.g. But he decided to do so. (right) But he decided doing so. (wrong) * The following verbs are followed by the infinitives without ‘to’ : let, make, feel, hear, see, watch, need, behold, know, bid. e.g. I watch Sachin play. (right) I watch Sachin to play. (wrong) * Modals are followed by the infinitives without ‘to’ : e.g. We should obey the elders.
[II] Present Participle (वर्तमानकाळी धातूसाधित रुप)  -
क्रियापदाच्या पहिल्या रुपाला ing प्रत्यय जोडून तयार होणाय्रा रुपाला वर्तमानकाळी धातूसाधित रुप (Present
Participle) असे म्हणतात.
read + ing  = reading, write + ing = writing, play + ing = playing, die + ing = dying, swim + ing
= swinming.
*   Present Participle बनविण्याचे नियमः
(1) सर्वसाधारणपणे मुख्य क्रियापदाच्या पहिल्या रुपाला ing प्रत्यय लावला असता Present Participle तयार
होते.
e.g. go      +     ing    = going
show   +     ing    = showing
eat       +     ing    = eating
burn      +     ing    = burning
(2) मुख्य क्रियापदाचे पहिल्या रुपाच्या शेवटी e हा स्वर असेल, तर ing प्रत्यय लावताना त्याचा लोप करतात.
e.g. write    +    ing   = writing
come   +    ing   = coming
give     +    ing    = giving
wake    +    ing   = waking
take      +    ing    = taking
Exception :
be        +    ing   = being
see       +    ing   = seeing
flee       +    ing   = fleeing
dye       +    ing    = dyeing
(3) मुख्य क्रियापदाच्या पहिल्या रुपाच्या शेवटी व्यंजन असून त्यापूर्वी एकच स्वर असेल, तर ing प्रत्यय लावताना
शेवटच्या व्यंजनाचे द्‍वित्व होते.
e.g. run       +    ing     = running
wed      +   ing     = wedding
get        +   ing     = getting
rub         +   ing     = rubbing
cut         +   ing     = cutting
(4) मुख्य क्रियापदाच्या पहिल्या रुपाच्या शेवटी ie ही स्वर जोडी असेल, तर ing प्रत्यय लावताना तिचा लोप करुन
त्या जागी y चा वापर करतात.
e.g. die     +   ing     = dying
tie      +   ing     = tying
lie      +   ing     = lying
(5) मुख्य क्रियापदाच्या पहिल्या रुपात शेवटी y हा अर्धस्वर असेल, तर ing  प्रत्यय लावताना काहीच बदल होत
नाही.
e.g. cry      +   ing     = crying
try       +   ing     = trying
fly        +   ing     = flying
buy      +   ing     = buying
* Present Participle चे उपयोगः
(1) Present Participle चा उपयोग अपूर्ण काळामध्ये to be च्या रुपानंतर करतात.
e.g. I am writing a letter.
(2) Present Participle चा उपयोग पूर्ण अपूर्ण काळामध्ये to have been नंतर करतात.
e.g. I have been learning in this school since 2006.
(3) Present Participle चा उपयोग विशेषण म्हणून पण केला जातो.
e.g. running race, flying birds, lying buffaloes, drinking water.
(4) दोन केवलवाक्यांचे एका केवलवाक्यांत रुपांतर करताना सुद्‍धा Present Participle वापरतात.
e.g. Gopal is happy. He jumps.
Being happy Gopal jumps.
(5) Present Participle चा वापर नामासारखा देखील करतात. त्या नामालाच Gerund असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Reading is my hobby.
[III] Gerund (धातूसाधित नाम) -
नामाचे कार्य करणा-या Present Participle ला  Gerund असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Gardening is my hobby.
Gerund चे उपयोगः
(1) क्रियापदाचा कर्ता म्हणून.                 e.g. walking is a good exercise.
(2) क्रियापदाचा कर्म म्हणून.                  e.g. I like swimming.
(3) Object of a preposition म्हणून.   e.g. Gopal is fond of running.
(4) क्रियापदाचे पूरक म्हणून.                  e.g. Begging means dying.
(5) वाक्य मर्यादित करण्यासाठी स्वयंपूर्ण म्हणूनः
e.g. Observing stars being his hobby, we admired him.
(6) काही आज्ञार्थी वाक्यांमध्ये क्रियापदाच्या पहिल्या रुपानंतर Gerund चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Stop writing.
(7) mind ह्या क्रियापदानंतर Gerund चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Would you mind helping me?
* Learn this :

*  The following verbs always followed by a Gerund : enjoy, stop, delay, fancy, consider, admit, avoid, mind, finish, deny, postpone, imagine, practice, suggest etc, e.g. I enjoy looking at the sky. (right) I enjoy to look at the sky.  (wrong) *  Some verbs can take either an infinitive or a gerund as an object but there is a slight difference of meaning. *  The infinitive refers to a specific occasion or specific instance, whereas the gerund refers to something that is more general. e.g. We prefer to go by bus. (on a particular journey) We prefer going by bus. (a general preference)
[IV] Past Participle (भूतकाळी धातूसाधित रुप) ः
मुख्य क्रियापदाच्या तिस-या रुपाला Past Participle असे म्हणतात.
e.g. go …….. went ……. gone
टीपः (i) go हे क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप असून त्याचा उपयोग साध्या वर्तमानकाळात करतात.
e.g. I go to school.
(ii) went हे go या मुख्य क्रियापदाचे भूतकाळी रुप आहे. त्याचा उपयोग साध्या भूतकाळात करतात.
e.g. I went to school.
(iii) gone हे go या मुख्य क्रियापदाचे तिसरे रुप आहे. त्याचा उपयोग पूर्णकाळात to have च्या रुपानंतर करतात.
e.g. I have gone to school.
*    Past Participle चे प्रकार ः
[1]  Regular Verb : ज्या क्रियापदांना d किंवा ed प्रत्यय लावून Past Tense/Past Participles तयार करतात,
त्या क्रियापदांना Regular Verbs असे म्हणतात.
e.g. play – played – played
[2]  Irregular Verbs : ज्या क्रियापदांची Past Tense/Past Participles ची रुपे कोणत्याच नियमानूसार होत
नाहीत, त्या क्रियापदांना Irregular Verbs असे म्हणतात.
e.g. write – wrote – written
*   Past Participle चे उपयोग ः
[1] पूर्ण काळामध्ये Past Participle चा वापर to have च्या रुपानंतर करतात.
e.g. They had won the match.
[2] Passive Voice करताना Past Participle वापरतात.
e.g. Robbery was given up by him.
[3] विशेषण म्हणूनही Past Participle चा वापर करतात.
e.g. I found a broken saucer in the corner.
*  Kinds of Participles :
(1) Present Participle : e.g. teaching 2) Past Participle : e.g. taught
(3) Prefect Participle : e.g. having taught
*  Some more examples solved for practice :
[A] Rewrite using the infinitive form of the underlined verb :
(1)  I regretted saying it wasn’t true.
I regretted to say it wasn’t true.
(2) Making toys is no child’s play.
To make toys is no child’s play.
(3) I hate waiting at the crowed railway station.
I hate to wait at the crowed railway station.
(4) Thinking of their daily bread and butter is usual for them.
To think of their daily bread and butter is usual for them.
[B] Rewrite using a gerund :
(1) I intended to visit Mumbai next month.
I intended visiting Mumbai next month.
(2) It is better to starve than to beg.
Starving is better than begging.
(3) To die is better than to surrender.
Dying is better than surrendering.
(4) To observe sky is his hobby.
observing sky is his hobby.
[C] Identify the ‘infinitive’ in the following sentences :
(1) You felt embarrassed to talk to me.
to talk.
(2) Do you want to buy a basket?
to buy.
(3) This time she was to become my mother-in-law.
to become.
(4) I could hardly bring myself to enter her room.
to enter.
(5) I wanted to skip the whole thing.
to skip.
[D] Identify the ‘present Participles’ or ‘gerunds’ in the following sentences :
(1) I still remember my entering the room.
entering : a participle adjective
(2) The children are playing in the garden.
playing : a present participle
(3) Singing is my favourite hobby.
Singing : a gerund
(4) I saw a girl selling baskets.
selling : a participle adjective
(5) They were working too hard!
working : a present participle
[E] Fill in the blanks using ‘infinitive’ or ‘-----ing forms ‘of’ the verbs given in the brackets :
(1) I like …… science fiction. (read)
(a) I like reading science fiction.
(b) I like to read science fiction.
(2) I like …… my documents before I go for an interview. (check)
(a) I like checking my documents before I go for an interview.
(b) I like to check my documents before I go for an interview.
(3) …… before entering the Principal’s office is a sign of good manners. (knock)
(a) Knocking before entering the Principal’s office is a sign of good manners.
(b) To knock before entering the Principal’s office is a sign of good manners.
(4) …… up early in the morning is good habit. (get)
(a) Getting up early in the morning is good habit.
(b) To get up early in the morning is good habit.
(5) I saw him …… the road. (‘cross’ here the action is in progress.)
I saw him crossing the road.
(6) I saw him …… the road. (‘cross’ here the action is completed.)
I saw him to cross the road.
[F] Rewrite the following sentences by using proper past participle forms of the verbs given in
the brackets :
(1) Have you ……. this book? (read)
Have you read this book?
(2) Robber was …… by listening the sweet music. (change)
Robber was changed by listening the sweet music.
(3) She has ……. her homework. (complete)
She has completed her homework.
(4) Music was ……. by Bhimsen. (love)
Music was loved by Bhimsen.
(5) Water is …… on fire. (spray)
Water is sprayed on fire.
[I] Rewrite the following sentences using ‘gerunds’ for the words underlined :
(1) Rajesh likes to sing patriotic songs.
(2) We should protect our environment. It is good for our future.
(3) I like to draw. It is my hobby.
(4) We should walk. It is good for our health.
(5) He invites his friends every now and then. He likes to do so.
[II] Find out whether the present participle used in each of the sentences is used as ‘an adjective’ or as ‘a noun’ :
(1) The operating techniques we use today are very safe.
(2) I like playing cricket.
(3) I don’t like frightening movies.
(4) The play is boaring.
(5) I enjoyed taking the children to the zoo.
[III] Do as directed :
(1) He could still see nobody. (Rewrite using the infinitive form of the underlined verb)
(2) The little girl saw a beautiful flower and gave a cry of joy.
(3) Overtaking the record was a mere formality.
(Rewrite using the infinitive form of the underlined word)
(4) To tell lie is the worst thing.
(Rewrite using a gerund form of the underlined word)
(5) Hunting is the dangerous hobby.
(Rewrite using the infinitive form of the underlined word)
[IV] Rewrite using the infinitive form of the underlined verb :
(1) Courage is sticking to your post in danger.
(2) Most people like looking at pictures of pretty girls.
(3) Following great people makes our life glorious.
(4) Food is the most essential factor in building and maintaining health.
(5) Even the birds started bringing fruits for him.
[V] Use proper past participle forms of the verbs given in the brackets :
(1) A story is …… by my Grandfather. (tell)
(2) Has our captain …… the toss? (win)
(3) Have you ……. my lost pen? (find)
(4) No one is …… to enter here. (allow)
(5) The door was …… automatically. (shut)
ANSWERS
Infinitives, Present Participles and Gerunds
[I]

1. Rajesh likes singing patriotic songs.
2. Protecting our environment is good for our future.
3. Drawing is my hobby.
4. Walking is good for our health.
5. He likes inviting his friends every now and then.
[II]

1. 1. Operating-present participle used as an adjective.
2. 2. Playing-present participle (gerund) used as a noun.
3. 3. Frightening-present participle used as an adjective.
4. 4. Boaring-Prsent participle used as an adjective
5. 5. Taking-present participle (gerund) used as a noun.
[III]

1. 1. He was still able to see nobody.
2. 2. Seeing a beautiful flower the little girl gave a cry of joy.
3. 3. To overtake the record was mere formality.
4. 4. Telling lie is the worst thing.
5. 5. To hunt is the dangerous hobby.
[Iv]

1. 1. to stick
2. 2. to look
3. 3. to follow
4. 4. to build, to maintain
5. 5. to bring.
[V] (1) told (2) won (3) found (4) allowed (5) shut.







Past participles (भुतकाळी धातुसहित रुपे) Past Participle म्हणजे भूतकालवाचक धातूसाधित रुप. मुख्य क्रियापदाच्या तिस-या रुपाला Past Participle असे म्हणतात. * Past Participle चे वर्गीकरणः 1. Regular Verbs : ज्या क्रियापदांना d किंवा ed प्रत्यय लावून Past Participle तयार होतात, त्या क्रियापदांना Regular Verbs असे म्हणतात. e.g. Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle play walk talk work close open Played walked talked worked closed opened played walked talked worked closed opened 2. Irregular Verbs : ज्या क्रियापदांची Past Participle कोणत्याच नियमानूसार होत नाहीत, त्या क्रियापदांना Irregular Verbs असे म्हणतात. e.g. Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle ring wear rise ride speak steal take rang wore rose rode spoke stole took rung worn risen ridden spoken stolen taken * Past Participle चे उपयोगः (i) पूर्ण काळामध्ये (Prefer Tense मध्ये) Past Participle चा वापर करतात. e.g. I have written a letter. (पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ) I had written letter. (पूर्ण भूतकाळ) I shall have written a letter. (पूर्ण भविष्यकाळ) (ii) Active Voice मधून Passive Voice करताना साध्या काळातील मुख्य क्रियापदाचे Past Participle बनवितात. e.g. (a) Active Voice : I write a letter. (साध्या वर्तमानकाळ) Passive letter : A letter is written by me. (b) Active Voice : I wrote a letter. (साधा भूतकाळ) Passive letter : I letter was written by me. (c) Active Voice : I shall write a letter. (साधा भविष्यकाळ) Passive letter : A letter will be written by me. (iii) विशेषण म्हणून Past Participle चा वापर करतात. e.g. I found a broken saucer in the corner. * क्रियापदाची तीन रुपेः Present Tense (पहिले रुप) साध्या वर्तमानकाळ Past Tense (दुसरे रुप) साधा भूतकाळ Past Participle (तिसरे रुप) भूतकाळी धातूसाधित रुप abandon सोडून देणे accept स्वीकारणे accompany संगत करणे accuse दोषारोप करणे achive संपादन करणे acquaint परिचय करणे acquire मिळविणे act कृती करणे add भर घालणे admire कौतुक करणे adopt दत्तक घेणे advise उपदेश करणे agree सहमत करणे allow परवानगी करणे amass साठविणे amaze आश्चर्यचकीत करणे amuse करमणूक करणे annoy त्रास देणे announce जाहीर करणे answer उत्तर देणे appear प्रकट होणे approach पोहोचणे, जवळ जाणे arrange व्यवस्था करणे arrive आगमन होणे ask विचारणे attach हल्ला करणे attend हजर राहणे attract आकर्षित करणे await वाट पाहणे award देणे, निर्णय देणे balance तोल सांभाळणे bark भुंकणे bathe अंघोळ करणे believe विश्वास ठेवणे block अडथळा करणे boil उकळणे borrow उसनवार आणणे bounce उसळी घेणे bow नमस्कार करणे brand डाग देणे, कलंक लावणे breathe श्वासोच्छ्वाकस करणे bury पुरणे call हाक करणे capture पकडणे care काळजी घेणे carry नेणे, वाहून नेणे carve कोरणे challenge आव्हान करणे change बदलणे chase पाठलाग करणे chat गप्पा मारणे cheat फसविणे check तपासणे chirp किलबिल करणे chop तोडणे, कापणे clap टाळ्या वाजणे climb चढणे clothe परिधान करणे collapse कोलमडणे collect गोळा करणे comfort सांत्वन करणे commit करणे, ताब्यात देणे complete पूर्ण करणे compose रचणे confirm खात्री करणे confuse गोंधळणे congratulate अभिनंदन करणे connect जोडणे conquer जिंकणे consent संमती देणे consider विचार करणे consist बनलेले असणे consult सल्ला देणे contain समावेश असणे continue चालू ठेवणे convey स्वाधीन करणे convince खात्री करुन देणे cook शिजविणे copy नक्कल करणे count मोजणे cover आच्छादणे, वेस्टन बसविणे crawl सरपटणे cross ओलांडणे crow आरवणे cry ओरडणे cure बरे करणे dance नृत्य करणे deceive फसविणे decide ठरविणे, निर्णय घेणे declare जाहीर करणे decorate सजविणे defeat पराभव करणे defend बचाव करणे describe वर्णन करणे desert सोडून जाणे detect शोधून काढणे die मरणे dip बुडविणे disappear नाहिसे होणे dislike नावडणे disperse पांगणे, पांगविणे display दाखविणे dispute भांडणे, भांडणे करणे divide वाटणी करणे donate दान करणे, देणगी करणे dream स्वप्न पाहणे drift वाहत जाणे drop सोडणे dry कोरडे करणे encircle वेढणे end शेवट करणे enjoy मौज करणे ensure खात्री असणे enter प्रवेश करणे entertain करमणूक करणे err चूक करणे escape निसटणे examine परीक्षा घेणे excel वरचढ असणे excite उत्तेजित होणे exclaim उद्गाजरणे excuse माफ करणे expect उपयोग करणे explain स्पष्टीकरण करणे explore शोध करणे face प्रतिकार करणे fail अयशस्वी होणे fascinate आकर्षित करणे fear भिणे felicitate अभिनंदन करणे fetch जाऊन आणणे field क्षेत्ररक्षण करणे fill भरणे finalize अंतिम रुप देणे finish संपणे float तरंगणे flow वाहणे foil उधळून लावणे follow अनुकरण करणे fool मूर्ख बनविणे form तयार करणे found स्थापन करणे frighten भिवविणे free मुक्त करणे gather गोळा करणे grant मंजूर करणे greet अभिवादन करणे guess तर्क करणे hang फाशी देणे, टांगणे happen घडणे harm इजा करणे, दुखापत करणे hate ‌द्वे ष करणे heap ढिग करणे heed लक्ष देणे help मदत करणे hike लांब अंतर चालणे honour मानसन्मान करणे hope आशा करणे hug कवटाळणे identify ओळख करुन देणे imagine कल्पना करणे implement पूर्ण करणे impress छाप पाडणे improve दुरुस्त करणे increase वाढ करणे include समावेश करणे insist आग्रह धरणे insult अपमान करणे intend बेत असणे interrupt अडथळा आणणे interview मुलाखत घेणे introduce परिचय करणे invest गुंतवणूक करणे invite आमंत्रण देणे jabber वटवट करणे jam पिळून काढणे jar करकर आवाज करणे jeer टवाळी करणे join जोडणे jog ढकलणे judge न्याय देणे jump उडी मारणे kick लाथ मारणे kidnap अपहरण करणे kill ठार मारणे knit विणणे knock ठोठावणे land जमिनीवर पाय ठेवणे laugh हसणे launch फेकणे, सुरु करणे leak गळणे lick चाटणे lie खोटे बोलणे lift वर उचलणे like आवडणे link सांधणे, जोडणे listen ऐकणे live राहणे locate स्थान निश्चित करणे lock कुलूप लावणे long तीव्र इच्छा असणे look लक्षपूर्वक पाहणे loose सैल करणे love प्रेम करणे mark खूण करणे marry लग्न करणे matter महत्त्वाचे असणे memorize पाठ करणे mention उल्लेख करणे mind लक्ष देणे, लक्षात ठेवणे miss चूकणे mix मिसळणे murder खून करणे name नाव ठेवणे narrate कथन करणे navigate चालविणे neglect दुर्लक्ष करणे need गरज असणे nip खुडणे nod मान हलविणे notice लक्ष देणे nurse सेवा करणे obey आज्ञा पाळणे observe निरीक्षण करणे occur घडणे offer देऊ करणे open उघडणे opt दोघापैकी एकाची निवड करणे paste डकविणे pat पाठ थोपटणे pause स्तब्ध राहणे permit परवानगी देणे pity दया करणे place ठेवणे play खेळणे plough नांगरणे poison विष घालणे possess ताब्यात असणे pour ओतणे practice सराव करणे praise स्तूती करणे pray प्रार्थना करणे prefer पसंत करणे produce उत्पादन करणे promise वचन करणे promote बढती देणे protect संरक्षण करणे prove सिद्धं करणे present भेट देणे, हजर असणे pretend ढोंग करणे prevent प्रतिबंध करणे publish प्रकाशित करणे pull ओढणे purify शुद्धश करणे push ढकलणे puzzle गोंधळणे quake कंप होणे quarrel भांडण करणे quench शमविणे quiver थरथरणे, कंप होणे reach पोहचणे realize खात्री होणे recall आठविणे reconcile समेट करणे record नोंद करणे reflect प्रतिबिंबित करणे reject रद्दि करणे, नाकारणे relate संबंध असणे release मुक्त करणे relieve मोकळे करणे remain राहणे remember लक्षात ठेवणे, आठवणे remove काढून टाकणे repeat पुन्हा पुन्हा म्हणणे/ करणे replay उत्तर देणे report कळविणे, बातमी देणे request विनंती करणे reserve राखीव असणे respect आदर असणे return परत जाणे roar गर्जना करणे rob लुटणे rub घासणे rush घाईघाईने जाणे scare भिवविणे scold खरडपट्टी काढणे score गुण, धावा वगैरे मिळवणे scream आरोळी मारणे secure मिळविणे show दाखविणे sneeze शिंकणे sow पेरणे spare वाचविणे sport खेळणे station सैन्य वगैरे ठेवणे stay मुक्काम करणे, थांबणे stitch शिवणे stir हालचाल करणे study अभ्यास करणे succeed यशस्वी होणे suggest सुचविणे support आधार देणे taste चव घेणे thank आभार मानणे tie बांधणे travel प्रवास करणे trust विश्वास ठेवणे try प्रयत्न करणे utter उच्चारणे vanish नाहिसे होणे verify सत्यता पडताळणे visit भेट देणे vomit वांती करणे wait वाट पाहणे worry काळजी करणे, छळणे yank जोराने खेचणे yap भुंकणे yawn जांभई देणे yield शरण जाणे yoke जुंपणे zoom एकदम वर जाणे [II] Irregular verbs arise उत्पन्न होणे awake जागे होणे, सावध होणे be होणे, असणे (am/is/are) bear जन्म देणे bear नेणे, सोसणे beat मारणे become होणे begin सुरुवात करणे behold पाहणे bend वाकविणे bet पैज लावणे bind बांधणे bite चावणे bleed रक्तस्त्राव होणे below वाहणे, फुंकणे break मोडणे, फोडणे bring आणणे build बांधणे burn जळणे, जाळणे buy विकत घेणे catch पकडणे chide धमकावणे choose निवडणे cling घट्ट धरणे come येणे cost किंमत असणे creep सरपटणे, रांगणे cut कापणे dig खोदणे do/does करणे draw ओढणे, काढणे drink पिणे drive हाकणे dwell राहणे eat खाणे fall पडणे feed भरविणे feel वाटणे fight युद्ध करणे, संघर्ष करणे flee पळून जाणे find आढळणे, शोधून काढणे fling फेकणे, जोराने घुसणे fly उडणे forbid मनाई करणे forecast भविष्य सांगणे forget विसरणे forgive क्षमा करणे forsake सोडून जाणे freeze गोठणे get मिळविणे, देणे give देणे go जाणे grind दळणे grow वाढणे, लागवड करणे hang लोंबकळणे has, have जवळ असणे hear ऐकणे hide लपणे, लपविणे hit मारणे hold धरणे, पकडणे hurt इजा करणे keep ठेवणे kneel गुडघे टेकणे know जाणणे, माहीत असणे lay ठेवणे, अंडी घालणे lead नेणे, नेतृत्व करणे leap उडी मारणे learn शिकणे leave सोडून जाणे lend उसनवार देणे let परवानगी देणे lie पडणे, आडवा होणे light प्रकाशित होणे lose गमाविणे make बनविणे mean अर्थ असणे meet भेटणे overcome मात करणे overtake ताबा घेणे pay पैसे देणे put ठेवणे ride स्वार होणे ring वाजणे rise उगवणे, उठणे read वाचणे run पळणे say म्हणणे see पाहणे seek शोधणे, मिळविणे sell विकणे send पाठविणे set मावळणे, ठेवणे shake हलविणे shine चकाकणे shoot गोळी, बाण वगैरे मारणे shut बंद करणे sing गाणे म्हणणे sink डूंबणे sit बसणे sleep झोपणे smell वास घेणे slide हळूच निघून जाणे speak बोलणे spend खर्च करणे spill सांडणे spread पसरविणे stand उभे राहणे steal चोरणे stick चिकटविणे, खुपसणे swear शपथ घेणे sweep झाडणे swim पोहणे take घेणे, नेणे teach शिकवणे tear फाडणे tell सांगणे think विचार करणे throw फेकणे understand समजणे upset अस्वस्थ होणे wake उठणे, जागे होणे wear परिधाण करणे weave लिहीणे weep रडणे win जिंकणे wind गुंडाळणे write लिहीणे abandoned accepted accompanied accused achived acquainted acquired acted added admired adopted advised agreed allowed amassed amazed amused annoyed announced answered appeared approached arranged arrived asked attached attended attracted awaited awarded balanced barked bathed believed blocked boiled borrowed bounced bowed branded breathed buried called captured cared carried carved challenged changed chased chatted cheated checked chirped chopped clapped climbed clothed collapsed collected comforted committed completed composed confirmed confused congratulated connected conquered consented considered consisted consulted contained continued conveyed convinced cooked copied counted covered crawled crossed crowed cried cured danced deceived decided declared decorated defeated defended described deserted detected died dipped disappeared disliked dispersed displayed disputed divided donated dreamed drifted dropped dried encircled ended enjoyed ensured entered entertained erred escaped examined excelled excited exclaimed excused expected explained explored faced failed fascinated feared felicitated fetched fielded filled finalized finished floated flowed foiled followed fooled formed founded frightened freed gathered granted greeted guessed hanged happened harmed hated heaped heeded helped hiked honoured hoped hugged identified imagined implemented impressed improved increased included insisted insulted intended interrupted interviewed introduced invested invited jabberred jammed jarred jeered joined jogged judged jumped kicked kidnapped killed knitted knocked landed laughed launched leaked licked lied lifted liked linked listened lived located locked longed looked loosed loved marked married mattered memorized mentioned minded missed mixed murdered named narrated navigated neglected needed nipped nodded noticed nursed obeyed observed occured offered opened opted pasted pated paused permitted pitied placed played ploughed poisoned possessed poured practiced praised prayed preferred produced promised promoted protected proved presented pretended prevented published pulled purified pushed puzzled quaked quarreled quenched quivered reached realized recalled reconciled recorded reflected rejected related released relieved remained remembered removed repeated replied reported requested reserved respected returned roared robbed rubbed rushed scared scolded scored screamed secured showed sneezed sowed spared sported stationed stayed stitched stirred studied succeeded suggested supported tasted thanked tied travelled trusted tried uttered vanished verified visited vomited waited worried yanked yapped yawned yielded yoked zoomed arose awoke was/were bore bore beat became began beheld bent bet bound bit bled blew broke brought built burnt bought caught child chose clung came cost crept cut dug did drew drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought fled found flung flew forbade forecast forgot forgave forsook froze got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led leapt learnt left lent let lay lighted/lit lost made meant met overcame overtook paid put rode rang rose read ran said saw sought sold sent set shook shone shot shut sang sank sat slept smelt slid spoke spent spilt spread stood stole stuck swore swept swam took taught tore told threw thought understood upset woke/waked wore wove wept won wound wrote abandoned accepted accompanied accused achived acquainted acquired acted added admired adopted advised agreed allowed amassed amazed amused annoyed announced answered appeared approached arranged arrived asked attached attended attracted awaited awarded balanced barked bathed believed blocked boiled borrowed bounced bowed branded breathed buried called captured cared carried carved challenged changed chased chatted cheated checked chirped chopped clapped climbed clothed collapsed collected comforted committed completed composed confirmed confused congratulated connected conquered consented considered consisted consulted contained continued conveyed convinced cooked copied counted covered crawled crossed crowed cried cured danced deceived decided declared decorated defeated defended described deserted detected died dipped disappeared disliked dispersed displayed disputed divided donated dreamed drifted dropped dried encircled ended enjoyed ensured entered entertained erred escaped examined excelled excite exclaimed excused expected explained explored faced failed fascinated feared felicitated fetched fielded filled finalized finished floated flowed foiled followed fooled formed founded frightened freed gathered granted greeted guessed hanged happened harmed hated heaped heeded helped hiked honoured hoped hugged identified imagined implemented impressed improved increased included insisted insulted intended interrupted interviewed introduced invested invited jabberred jammed jarred jeered joined jogged judged jumped kicked kidnapped killed knitted knocked landed laughed launched leaked licked lied lifted liked linked listened lived located locked longed looked loosed loved marked married mattered memorized mentioned minded missed mixed murdered named narrated navigated neglected needed nipped nodded noticed nursed obeyed observed occured offered opened opted pasted pated paused permitted pitied placed played ploughed poisoned possessed poured practiced praised prayed preferred produced promised promoted protected proved presented pretended prevented published pulled purified pushed puzzled quaked quarreled quenched quivered reached realized recalled reconciled recorded reflected rejected related released relieved remained remembered removed repeated replied reported requested reserved respected returned roared robbed rubbed rushed scared scolded scored screamed secured showed sneezed sowed spared sported stationed stayed stitched stirred studied succeeded suggested supported tasted thanked tied travelled trusted tried uttered vanished verified visited vomited waited worried yanked yapped yawned yielded yoked zoomed arisen awoke/awaked been born borne beaten become begun beheld bent bet bound bitten bled blown broken brought built burnt bought caught chidden chosen clung come cost crept cut dug done drawn drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought fled found flung flown forbidden forecast forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen got given gone ground grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led leapt learnt left lent let lain lighted/lit lost made meant met overcome overtaken paid put ridden rung risen read run said seen sought sold sent set shaken shone shot shut sung sunk sat slept smelt slid spoken spent spilt spread stood stolen stuck sworn swept swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood upset woken/waked worn woven wept won wound written * Some more examples solved for practice : Rewrite the following sentences by using the proper past participles of the verb given in the brackets : (1) Have you ……. this book? (read) Have you read this book? (2) Robber was …… by listening the sweet music. (change) Robber was changed by listening the sweet music. (3) She has …… her homework. (complete) She has completed her homework. (4) Music was ……. by Bhimsen. (love) Music was loved by Bhimsen. (5) Water is ……. on fire. (spray) Water is sprayed on fire. * Use Proper Past Participles forms of the verbs given in the brackets : (1) A story is ……. by my grandmother. (tell) (2) The tortoise had …… the race. (win) (3) Yesterday Lata ……. a letter written by her mother. (receive) (4) Has our captain ……. the toss? (win) (5) Have you ……. my lost pen? (find) (6) No one is …….. to enter here. (allow) (7) He door was …… automatically. (shut) (8) They ……. in Mumbai since 2007. (be) (9) My parents are not at home; they …… to visit their friends .(go) (10) How long has Kapil Dev ……. vital energy? (symbolize) (11) By the time I reach home, Monica …… her homework. ( complete) (12) Stories ……. by grandmother were interesting. (tell) (13) The books …… in the shop are second-hand. (sell) (14) The money …… was a part of the payment. (pay) (15) The factory ……. by them has been doing a good job. (run) ANSWERS Past Participles. (1) told (2) won (3) had received (4) won (5) found (6) allowed (7) shut (8) have been (9) have gone (10) symbolized (11) has completed (12) told (13) sold (14) paid (15) run.

Number (वचन)
नामावरुन ती वस्तू एक का एकापेक्षा जास्त याचा बोध होणे म्हणजेच वचन (Number) होय.

• · वचनाचे दोन प्रकार आहेत:

(1) Singular Number (सिंग्युल्‍र नंबर्‍) एकवचन: जेव्हा नाम एकाच वस्तूचा निर्देश करते, तेव्हा त्या नामाचे
वचन एकवचन असते.
e.g. book, cow, ant, dog, bird, mango, school etc.
(2) Plural Number (प्ल्युरल्‍ नंबर्‍) अनेकवचन : जेव्हा नाम एकापेक्षा जास्त वस्तूचा निर्देश करते, तेव्हा त्या
नामाचे वचन अनेकवचन असते.
e.g. books, cows, ants, dogs, birds, mangoes, school etc.

• · वचन बदलण्याचे नियम

1.   सामान्यपणे एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी s प्रत्यय लावला असता त्याचे अनेकवचनी रुप तयार होते.

Singular Number	Plural Number
book house doll river mountain game farmer plant garden bullock	books houses dolls rivers mountains games farmers plants gardens bullocks

2. एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी s, sh, ch, x, o, किंवा z असेल , तर अनेकवचन करतांना शेवटी es प्रत्यय
जोडतात.

Singular Number	Plural Number
Lens glass bus dress class pass kiss gas bush splash dish brush bench watch match branch catch bunch batch church box fox tax mango tomato hero potato buffalo quiz ass	lenses glasses buses dresses classes passes kisses gases bushes splashes dishes brushes benches watches matches branches catches bunches batches churches boxes foxes taxes mangoes tomatoes heroes potatoes buffaloes quizes asses

वरील नियमास अपवाद (exception) :
ox – oxen, canto – cantos, quanto – quantos, bamboo – bamboos, zoo – zoos, radio –
radios, piano – pianos
3.    (a) एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी y असून त्यामागील अक्षर व्यंजन असेल, तर य च्या जागी i योजून त्याला
es प्रत्यय जोडतात.

Singular Number	Plural Number
Army baby sky pony lady study fly city body puppy remedy country biography bobby jimmy cry	armies babies skies ponies ladies studies flies cities bodies puppies remedies countries biographies bobbies jimmies cries

(b)  एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी y असून त्यामागील अक्षर स्वर असेल, तर अनेकवचन करताना फक्त s प्रत्यय
जोडतात.

Singular Number	Plural Number
Boy bay day donkey key monkey ray toy valley way	boys bays days donkeys keys monkeys rays toys valleys ways

4.    एकवचनी सामान्यनामाच्या शेवटी f किंवा fe असेल, तर अनेकवचन करताना ती काढून त्या जागी ves प्रत्यय
जोडतात.

Singular Number	Plural Number
Half calf loaf sheaf leaf wife life knife thief self shelf wolf	halves calves loaves sheaves leaves wives lives knives thieves selves shelves wolves

वरील नियमास अपवाद (exception) :
roof – roofs, proof – proofs, hoofs- hoofs, chief – chiefs, safe – safes, belief – beliefs,
handkerchief – handkerchiefs.
5.    काही सामान्यनामांची अनेकवचनी रुपे कोणत्याही नियमानुसार न होता, वेगळ्याच तरहने होतात.

Singular Number	Plural Number
Ox man tooth mouse louse die फासा women foot goose child	oxen men teeth mice lice dice women feet geese children

6.    काही सामान्यनामांची एकवचनी व अनेकवचनी रुपे सारखीच असतात.

Singular Number	Plural Number
Deer sheep hair fish fruit police swine	deer sheep hair fish fruit police swine

7.   काही सामान्यनामांची रुपे अनेकवचनातच असतात.
e.g. people, cattle, wages, stairs, spectacles etc.
8.   काही नामे अनेकवचनी दिसत असली, तरी त्यांचा वापर एकवचनीच असतो.
e.g. mathematics, physics, statistics, politics, news, innings, furniture, information, luggage
etc.
* Exercise *
[I] Make Plurals of :
(1) ox          (2) child   (3) story   (4) knife    (5) monkey    (6) fox
(7) match (8) city     (9) wolf    (10) mouse
[II] Make  Singulars of :
(1) dishes    (2) wives  (3) skies   (4) feet   (5) hair
(6) valleys   (7) cries   (8) dice     (9) boxes (10) teeth.
[III] Fill in the blanks with proper words :
(1) The letter ……. written. (was / were)
(2) The …… is locked. (door / doors)
(3) One of the ……. ran away. (thieves / thief)
(4) Only one thing …… missing. (is / are)
(5) There are …… in the sky. (clouds / cloud)
[IV] Rewrite the following sentence by using the plural forms of the subjects :
(1) The bench is here.
(2) The thief has a ring in his finger.
(3) The watch is very old.
(4) That is my box.
(5) It is a child.
[V] Rewrite the following sentence by using the singular forms of the subjects :
(1) The trees are green in the spring.
(2) They have broken the glasses.
(3) Their teeth are not white.
(4) These are new dishes.
(5) The thieves have knives.
[VI] Complete the following table :

One	Many
(i) leaf (ii) …… (iii) mouse (iv) …… (v) dish	……. countries ……. Sheep …….

ANSWERS
Number
[I] (1) oxen (2) children (3) stories (4) knives (5) monkeys (6) foxes (7) matches (8) cities                                        (9) wolves (10) mice.
[II] (1) dish (2) wife (3) sky (4) foot (5) hair (6) valley (7) cry (8) die (9) box (10) tooth
[III] (1) was (2) door (3) thieves (4) is (5) clouds
[IV]

1. The benches are here.
2. The thieves have rings in their fingers.
3. The watches are very old.
4. Those are our boxes.
5. They are children.

[v]

1. The tree is green in the spring.
2. He/she has broken a glass.
3. His/her teeth are not white.
4. This is a new dish.
5. The thief has a knife.

Gender (लिंग)

नामावरुन आपणास ते पुरुषजातीचे आहे की, स्त्रीजातीचे किंवा दोन्हीपैकी ते कोणत्याच जातीचे नाही, असे जे
कळते त्यास त्या नामाचे लिंग (Gender) असे म्हणतात.

• · Kinds of Genders (लिंगाचे प्रकार):

1.  Masculine Gender (मस्क्युलिन जेंडर) पुल्लिंग
2. Feminine Gender (फेमिनिन जेंडर) स्त्रीलिंग
3. Neuter Gender (न्यूटर जेंडर) नपुसकलिंग
4. Common Gender (कॉमन जेंडर) सामान्यलिंग

• · प्रत्येक प्रकाराची माहिती:

1.  Masculine Gender : ज्या नामावरुन पुरुषजातीचा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग Masuline Gender आहे असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. boy, man, king, bull, horse, etc.
2.  Feminine Gender : ज्या नामावरुन स्त्रीजातीचा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग Feminine Gender आहे असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. girl, woman, queen, cow, mare, etc
3.  Neuter Gender : ज्या नामावरुन निर्जीव वस्तू्चा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग Neuter Gender आहे असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. book, school, pen, table, field, wall, river, etc.
4.  Common Gender : ज्या नामावरुन पुरुष आणि स्री अशा दोन्ही जातीचा बोध होतो, त्या नामाचे लिंग
Common Gender आहे असे म्हणतात.
e.g. parents, child, student, bird, friend, animal, teacher, etc

• · लिंग बदलण्याचे नियम:

(1) लिंग परिवर्तन करताना कोणताही prefix / suffix न जोडता बदल होणारी सामान्यनामे
[A] Human – kind :

Masculine Gender	Feminine Gender
Boy brother father gentleman husband king lad lord man Mr. Nephew Sir Son Uncle	girl sister mother lady wife queen lass lady woman Mrs. niece Madam daughter aunt
[B] Birds :
cock drake gander	hen duck goose
[C] Beasts :
billy (बोकड) buck (काळवीट) bull bullock colt (a young horse) dog horse ox fox ram (मेंढा) stag (काळवीट) stallion (वळू घोडा) tom - cat	nanny doe cow heifer (a young cow) filly (a young mare) bitch mare cow vixen ewe doe mare queen – cat

(2) लिंग परिवर्तन करताना काही पुल्लिंगी सामान्यनामांना ‘ess’ प्रत्यय (suffix) जोडून स्त्रीलिंगी नामे तयार होतात ः
[A] Human – kind :

actor auther conductor (मार्गदर्शक) emperor giant (राक्षस) God heir (वारस) host hunter manager mayor master poet priest prince shepherd waiter [B] Beasts : lion tiger

actress authoress conductress empress giantess Goddess heiress hostess huntress manageress mayoress mistress poetess priestess princess shepherdess waitress lioness tigress

(3)   काही सामान्यनामांच्यापूर्वी किंवा नंतर लिंगभेद दाखविणारा विशिष्ठ शब्द जोडून दोन्ही लिंगाची ओळख होते:

father-in-law grandfather grandson landlord milkman manservant peacock fisherman

mother-in-law grandmother granddaughter landlady milkmaid maidservant peahen fisherwoman

(4)  काही सामान्यनामे दोन्ही लिंगामध्ये वापरली जातात. त्यांची ओळख होण्यासाठी वर्णन करताना he / she चा
उल्लेख करावा लागतो ः
e.g. Our cook is ill. My mother cooks today in her absence.
येथे cook हे स्त्रीलिंगी नाम आहे.
he – cook                                                  she – cook
* Exercise *
[I] Change the gender :
(1) mare     (2) God     (3) bitch      (4) poet       (5) uncle
(6) princess (7) cock   (8) lord       (9) lioness    (10) host.
[II] Match the proper pairs of genders :

Group ‘A’	Group ‘B’
(1) son (2) niece (3) husband (4) king (5) lady	wife queen gentleman daughter nephew

[III] Rewrite the following sentence by changing the gender of underlined word / words :
(1) She has a doll.
(2) Mother is working in the field.
(3) The prince was not happy.
(4) The farmer saw a lion and began to run.
(5) My father likes to keep hens.
[IV] Complete the following table :

Masculine Gender	Feminine Gender
(i) tiger (ii) ……. (iii) lord (iv) …… (v) grandfather	…….. woman …….. hostess ……..

ANSWERS
Gender
[I] (1) horse (2) goddess (3) dog (4) poetess (5) aunt (6) prince (7) hen (8) lady (9) lion          (10) hostess
[II] (1) son-daughter (2) niece-nephew (3) husband-wife (4) king-queen (5) lady-gentleman/lord
[III]

1. He has a doll.
2. The princess was not happy.
3. The farmer saw a lioness and began to run.
4. My father likes to keep cocks.

[IV] (1) tigress (2) man (3) lady (4) host (5) grandmother.

Case (विभक्ती)
नामे  व सर्वनामे यांचे वाक्यातील क्रियापदांशी किंवा इतर शब्दांशी येणारे संबंध ज्या विकारांनी दाखवले जातात,
त्या विकारांना विभक्ती (Case) असे म्हणतात.

• Kinds of Cases (विभक्तींचे प्रकार):

इंग्रजीमध्ये विभक्तींचे प्रमुख सहा प्रकार आहेत. याशिवाय इतर विभक्तींचे अर्थ prepositions वापरुन व्यक्त
करतात.
1.  Nominative Case (नॉमेनेटिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) प्रथमा विभक्तीः
क्रियापदाचा कर्ता असणारे नाम प्रथमा विभक्तीत असते. म्हणजेच कर्त्याची विभक्ती प्रथमा असते.
e.g. Monica reads a book. (प्रथमा)
Kedar is playing with Ganpat. (प्रथमा)
* नामांची प्रथमेची व द्‍वितीयेची रुपे समान असतात.
2.  Objective Case / Accusative Case (द्‍वितीया विभक्ती)-
क्रियापदाचे कर्म असणा-या नामाची द्‍वितीया विभक्ती असते. म्हणजेच कर्माचे विभक्ती द्‍वितीया असते.
e.g. Kapil caught a ball. (द्‍वितीया)
John sold caps. (द्‍वितीया)
3.  Dative Case (डेटिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) चतुर्थी विभक्तीः
काही वाक्यांमध्ये प्रधान कर्म (Direct Object) आणि गौण कर्म (Indirect Object) अशी दोन कर्मे असतात.
e.g. I gave him a book.
Direct Object : a book (द्‍वितीया) आणि Indirect Object : him (चतुर्थी)
टीप ः (a) जी वस्तू दिली जाते ते Direct Object असल्याने त्याची द्वितीया विभक्ती असते, तर ज्याला ती दिली जाते
ते Indirect Object असल्याने त्याची चतुर्थी विभक्ती असते. वरील वाक्य I gave a book to him असेही
लिहितात.
(b) सर्वनामांची द्वितीया व चतुर्थी रुपे सारखीच असतात.
e.g. I love him. (द्वितीया)
I gave him a book. (चतुर्थी)
4.  Ablative Case पंचमी विभक्तीः
वियोग दाखविण्यासाठी पंचमी विभक्ती वापरतात.
e.g. I got a letter from my friend.
5.  Possessive Case (पझेसिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) षष्ठी विभक्तीः (Genitive Case)
ताबा / मालकी हक्क दाखविण्यासाठी वापरलेले नाम किंवा सर्वनाम षष्ठी विभक्तीत असते.
e.g. Rama’s book. (षष्ठी)
टीपः (a) नामाला ‘s’ प्रत्यय लावला म्हणजे त्या नामाचे षष्ठी विभक्तीचे रुप तयार होते.
(b) येथे ‘s’ = चा, ची, चे, च्या, of (ऑफ) – चा, ची, चे, च्या.

• Formaton of the possessive case :

(1) एकवचनी नामाच्या शेवटी ‘s’ जोडून षष्ठी विभक्तीचे रुप तयार होते.
e.g. warrior’s sword, Lord Rama’s court.
(2) s ने शेवट होणा-या अनेकवचनी सामान्यनामांची षष्ठी विभक्ती करताना फक्त Apostrophe जोडतात.
e.g. girl’s hostel.
(3) s ने शेवट न होणा-या अनेकवचनी सामान्यनामांची षष्ठी विभक्ती करताना ‘s’ जोडतात.
e.g. sheep’s wool, oxen’s horns.
(4) निर्जीव वस्तूंची षष्ठी विभक्ती ‘s’ प्रत्यय लावून तयार होत नाही. त्यासाठी of चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Name of a village (गावाचे नाव)
Hand of a chair (खुर्चीचा हात)
6.  Vocative Case (व्हॉकेटिव्ह्‍ केस्‍) संबोधन विभक्तीः
मराठीप्रमाणेच हाक मारण्यासाठी वापरतात.
e.g. Mother said, “Stop it, girls”. (संबोधन)
Father said, “Krishna, come in”. (संबोधन)

• Learn this :

	विभक्ती (case)	उदाहरण (examples)	वाक्ये (sentence)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)	Nominative Case Objective Case Dative Case Ablative Case Possessive Case Vocative Case	child child to/for child by/with/from the child child’s O child	The child is playing. Mother embraces her child. She gave a doll to the child. The cat caught a ball thrownby the child. It is that child’s toy. Mother said, “O child, come here”.

* Exercise *

• State the case of the underlined words :

(1) Dhira was a shoe-shine boy.
(2) They won a great victory.
(3) Granny pushed him away.
(4) I took the torch.
(5) “Pandora , what are you thinking of?” exclaimed Epimetheus.
(6) They returned me some rupees.
(7) Where do you find Monica’s book?
(8) The hunter caught a lion in the net.
(9) The teacher asked his students to keep quiet.
(10) Meena’s school bag wasn’t found.
ANSWERS
Case
[I] (1) Nominative Case (2) Objective case (3) Nominative Case (4) Objective Case (5) Vocative Case (6) me:Dative Case, some rupees: Objective Case, (7) Possessive Case (8) Objective Case (9) Nominative Case, Objective Case (10) Possessive Case.

Punctuation (विरामचिन्हे भरण्याचे नियम)


वाक्यामध्ये बोलताना किंवा लिहिताना थोडे थांबावे लागते. थांबणे यालाच विराम असे म्हणतात. विराम
दर्शविण्यासाठी लिखाण करताना आपण जी चिन्हे वापरतो, त्यांनाच विरामचिन्हे (Punctuation Marks) असे
म्हणतात.
* Punctuation marks are very important in writing as they in expressing appropriate meaning.

• विरामचिन्हे खालीलप्रमाणे आहेतः

(1) Full Stop (पूर्णविराम) (2) Comma (स्वल्पविराम)
(3) Semicolon (अर्धविराम) (4) Colon (अपूर्णविराम)
(5) Question-mark ( प्रश्नचिन्ह) (6) Exaclamation-mark (उद्‍गारचिन्ह)
(7)Quotation Makrs (अवतरणचिन्हे) (8) Apostrophe (षष्ठीदर्शक चिन्ह)
(9) Dash (अपसारणचिन्हे) (10) Hyphen (संयोगचिन्ह)
(11) Caret (काकपद) (12) Parentheses (गोल कंस)
(13) Capital Letter (‘A’) (14) Ellipsis (शब्दलोप)
(15) Slash/Oblique (पर्यायसूचक तिरकस चिन्ह)

• विरामचिन्हांची माहितीः

(1) Full Stop [.]  : (a)  पूर्णविराम हे चिन्ह विधानार्थी व आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी वापरतात.
e.g. I am writing a letter.
Please write soon.
(b) संक्षेपानंतर किंवा नावाच्या आद्याक्षरानंतर सुध्दा या चिन्हाचा वापर केला जातो.
e.g. M.A. = Master of Arts.
Mr. V.P. Sing : Mr. Vishwanath Pratap sing.
(2) Comma [,] : The comma (,) is used to mark the shortest pause in a sentence. It helps the
reader to understand the sentence in a better way.
* The comma is used to separate three or more words of the sane part of speech.
e.g. Ganga, Yamuna, Kaveri, Koyana and Godavari are some of the speech.
* It also separates words, phrases or clauses inserted into the body of a sentence.
e.g. He gasped, he panted and collaps on the floor.
* Complex Sentence मध्ये मुख्य उपवाक्याच्या कर्त्यांनंतर Relative Pronoun वापरलेले असेल, तर गौण
उपवाक्याच्या दोन्ही बाजूला स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. My son, who is a doctor, treated him.
* Complex Sentence  मध्ये वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस गौण उपवाक्य वापरलेले असेल, तर त्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम
देतात.
e.g. If you want to please me, follow my teachings.
* Verbal questions ची उत्तरे yes/no ने देताना त्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Is it right?
Yes, it is.
* नामे व शब्दसमूह यांचा संबंध स्पष्ट करताना स्वल्पविराम वापर करतात.
e.g. His father, a judge, tried this case.
* Reported Speech ची विभागणी दोन भागात केलेली असल्यास स्वल्पविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. “Madam,” he said, “I am terrible sorry for being late”.
* Reported Speech मधील कर्म सुरुवातीस असेल, तर त्यानंतर; शेवटी असेल त्यापूर्वी आणि मध्ये असेल तर
त्याच्या दोन्ही बाजूला स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. The teacher said, “Krishna, come here.”
The shopkeeper asked, “What do you want, Gopal?”
* तारीख लिहिताना स्वल्पविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. November 5, किंवा 2007 5^th November,2007
* पत्राचा मायना (salutation) लिहिल्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Dear Friend, किंवा Dear Mother,
* पत्राचे हस्तांतरण (subscription) लिहिल्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Yours Faithfully, किंवा Yours Affectionately,
* वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस वापरलेल्या Discourse Market नंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Finally, we try to combine forces.
* Reported Speech सुरुवातीला असेल, तर त्यानंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. “ I want to be a doctor,” he said.
* Direct Speech मध्ये Reporting Verb ला कर्म असेल, तर त्यानंतर आणि कर्म नसेल, तर Reporting Verb
नंतर स्वल्पविराम  देतात.
e.g. He said to her, “I am going to school”.
He said, “I have a book”.
(3)  Senmicolon [;] : The semicolon marks a longer pause than the comma. It is usually followed
by conjunctions like ‘and’ , ‘but’ , ‘or’.
* The semicolon is used to separate the clauses of a compound sentence.
e.g. This man looks very cruel ; however, he is harmless.
Keep the dog tied indoors ; else it may bite some stranger.
* एकमेकांशी संबंधीत दोन मुख्य उपवाक्ये conjunction ऐवजी semicolon चा वापर करुन जोडतात. अशा
वाक्यांमध्ये semicolon चा वापर अधिक प्रभावी वाटतो.
e.g. Life is a struggle; a great life means a great struggle.
You are an ass; get out!
(4)  Colon [:] :
(a) तपशील, क्रम किंवा यादी देताना अपूर्णविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. The great rivers in India are : Ganga, Yamuna, Krishna and Godavari.
(b) स्पष्टीकरण देण्यासाठी सुद्‍धा अपूर्णविरामाचा वापर करतात.
e.g. Gandhiji’s idea about true religion is : we thought to love each other.
(5) Question-Mark [?] : प्रश्नार्थाक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. What kind of books do you want?
(6) Exclamation-mark [!] :
(a) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या शेवटी उद्‍गारचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. What a beautiful scene it is!
How silly you are!
(b) उद्‍गारवाचक शब्दानंतर किंवा केवलप्रयोगी अव्ययानंतर उद्‍गारचिन्ह वापरतात.
e.g. Alas! She is died of hunger.
(7) Quotation Marks / Inverted Commas [“……” or ‘……’] :
(a) Mother said, “The bell is very nice.”
(b) एखाद्या शब्दावर / शब्दसमूहावर जोर देण्यासाठी किंवा लक्ष केंद्रित करण्यासाठी एकेरी अवतरणचिन्हे
वापरतात.
e.g. Gandhiji was greatly impressed by reading the book ‘Unto This last.’
(8) Apostrophe [‘] :
(a) षष्ठी विभक्ती स्पष्ट करण्यासाठी Apostrophe चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Seet’s book, Pankaj’s parents.
(b) शब्दाचे संक्षिप्तरुप लिहिताना Apostrophe चा वापर करतात.
e.g. do not = don’t.              does not = doesn’t
it is = it’s                       will not = won’t
(c) ‘s’ ने शेवट होणाय्रा नामांची षष्टी विभक्ती दाखवताना फक्त Apostrophe वापरतात. पुन्हा s जोडत नाही.
e.g.  Girls’ hostel.
(9) Dash [----] :
(a) वाक्यातील विचार पुढे मांडण्याची आवश्यकता नसल्यास Dash चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The Tree King shouted, “Stop Rohanta, don’t move. There is a—“
(b) विचार प्रक्रियेतील अकस्मात होणारा बदल दर्शविण्यासाठी Dash चा वापर करतात.
e.g. The main theme of my story is this ----, but do you have time to listen to me?
(10) Hypen [-] :
(a) दोन शब्द जोडण्यासाठी संयोगचिन्ह वापरतात.
e.g. Peace-maker, mother-in law.
(b) ओळीच्या शेवटी शब्द अपूर्ण राहिल्यास संयोगचिन्ह वापरतात.
(11) Caret [^] : शब्दातील एखादे अक्षर किंवा वाक्यातील शब्द दाखविण्यासाठी काकपद वापरतात.
brave                                                 d
e.g. a) Shivaji was a ^ king                         b) Mohan ^ as
(12) Paremthesis : गोल कंस ः याचा उपयोग वाक्यात नसलेल्या वाक्यांशाला मुख्य वाक्यापासून वेगळे
करण्यासाठी करतात.
e.g. God pleased and gave him a boon (it was all he dreamed) to conquer the world.
(13) Capital letters [‘A’] : प्रत्येक वाक्याचे, काव्यपंक्तीचे, विशेषनामाचे आणि अवतरणचिन्हांतील पहिले
अक्षर Capital letter मध्ये लिहीतात.
e.g. India is my country.
(14) Ellipsis [….] : ही तीन-चार टिंबांची मालिका असते. काहीतरी चुकलेले वगळायचे आहे असे वाटत असताना
Ellipsis चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Hmm…. I might need your help later in order to save your uncle’s honour.
(15) Slash [/] : पर्याय, संक्षेप, कालखंड दर्शविण्यासाठी Slash वापरतात.
e.g. He likes managoes / apples.
c/o (care of)
They won the World Cup 1983 / 84

• विरामचिन्हे भरण्याचे नियम ः

(1)  विधानार्थी व आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
e.g. I read a book. Save a rupee everyday.
(2)  प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
e.g. What do you want?
(3)  उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या शेवटी उद्‍गारवाचक चिन्ह देतात.
e.g. How nice it is!
(4)  प्रत्येक वाक्याचे पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. Service to man is service to God.
(5)  विशेषनामाचे पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहीतात.
e.g. Kedar, Monica, Maharashtra, India etc.
(6)  I हे प्रथम पुरुषी एकवचनी सर्वनाम पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
(7)  अवतरणचिन्हांमधील पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. Kedar said, “This book belongs to me”.
(8)  देवाशी संबंधीत नामे व पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. God is Almighty.
(9)  O हे केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. O God! What did you do?
(10) Reported Speech अवतरणचिन्हांमधील लिहून त्यापूर्वी स्वल्पविराम देतात. अवतरणचिन्हांमधील पहिले
अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहीतात.
(11) काव्यपंक्तीचे पहिले अक्षर पहिल्या लिपीत लिहितात.
e.g. What does little birdie say?

• Some more examples solved for practice :

Punctuate the following :
(1)  She said it is an excellent piece
She said, “it is an excellent piece!”
(2)  She said mum you are great
She said, “mum, you are great!”
(3)  Why are we here asked a boy to his mother
“Why are we here?” asked a boy to his mother.
(4)  why to help others of course she replied
“why, to help others, of course”, she replied.
(5)  the robber shouted I am a robber
The robber shouted, “I am a robber.”
(6)  I am not your friend said the robber
“I am not your friend,” said the robber.
(7)  I study hindi marathi english and sanskrit
I study Hindi, Marathi, English and Sanskrit.
(8)  neha said let him take it
Neha said, ”Let him take it”.
(9)  no I said I dont want a basket
“No” , I said, “ I don’t want a basket”.
(10) who is payal I asked sambhuda
“Who is Payal?” I asked Sambhuda.
(11) it is a fantastic feeling rathore said
“It is a fantastic feeling”, Rathore said.
(12) temple said I will help you
Temple said, “I will help you.”
(13) yes sunny I will says robbi
“Yes, sunny, I will,” says Robbi.
(14) buddha said do not waste your engery praising me
Buddha said, “Do not waste your engery praising me.”
(15) no of course not he answered
“No, of course not,” he answered.
* Exercise *

• Punctuate the following :

(1)  she said dear mum and dad you are working too hard
(2)  i love you both she said.
(3)  mother said to me with a smile foods ready
(4)  kamala my younger sister is more promising
(5)  she said how great you are mum
(6)  she said what an excellent piece it is
(7)  alas how miserable i am the poor begger cried out
(8)  and what are the others here for asked the boy
(9)  sadhu vaswani would ask did you meet him on the road
(10) she asked who are your parents
(11) the robber shouted give me whatever money you have
(12) you can kill me but i have one request said the blind man
(13) whatever you see here you take away replied the blind man
(14) okay finish it soon said the robber
(15) then at 12 oclock carters phone rang
(16) there was however no lighting no thunder storm only uproar
(17) live long Mumbai we love you
(18) well what are you he asked her
(19) in the case of a writer it is his struggler with words plots image ideas that defines happiness
(20) I say to myself this is mine
ANSWERS

1. Punctuation
   1. She said, “Dear Mum and Dad, you are working too hard!”
   2. “I love you both!” she said.
   3. Mother said to me with a smile, “food’s ready!”
   4. Kamala, my younger sister, is more promising.
   5. She said, “How great you are mum!”
   6. She said, “What an excellent piece it is!”
   7. “Alas! How misesrable I am!” the poor beggar cried out.
   8. “And what are the others here for?” asked the boy.
   9. Sadhu Vasvani would ask, “Did you meet him on the road?”
   10. She asked, “Who are your parents?”
   11. The robber shouted, “Give me whatever money you have.”
   12. “Whatever you see here you can take away,” replied the blind man.
   13. “You can kill me but I have one request,” said the blind man.
   14. “Okey. Finish it soon,” said the robber.
   15. Then at 12 o’clock Carter’s phone rang.
   16. There was, however, no lightening, no thunder and no storm, only uproar.
   17. Live long Mumbai, we love you!
   18. “Well, what are you?” he asked her.
   19. In the case of a writer, it is his struggle with words, plots, images, ideas that defines happiness.
   20. I say to myself, “This is mine.”
   21. What a grand reception everyone gave!

Sentence and its parts (वाक्य व त्याचे भाग)
[I] Word :
क्रमबद्‍ध अर्थपूर्ण अक्षरांच्या समूहास शब्द (Word) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. ant, boy, cow, dog, egg, book, meat, door, etc.
टीपः (a) शब्द मुळाक्षरांनी तयार होतो. e.g. cow (c, o, w)
(b) शब्दांमध्ये अक्षरांचा क्रमाला महत्त्व असते.
(c) फक्त अक्षरांचा समूह म्हणजे शब्द नव्हे.
e.g. owc हा अक्षरांचा समूह आहे, पण शब्द नाही. त्यासाठी अक्षरांचा क्रमाला महत्त्व आहे. क्रम बदलून cow
हा अर्थपूर्ण शब्द तयार होतो.
काही अर्थपूर्ण शब्दः
student, school, teacher, class, black-board, chalk, book, notebook, study, exercise,
lesson, homework, sir, madam, headmaster playground, holiday, etc.
[II] Phrase :
काहीतरी अर्थ असलेल्या परंतू पूर्ण अर्थबोध न करणाय्रा शब्दांच्या समूहास वाक्यांश (Phrase) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. The children are swimming in the river.
The dog is sleeping under a bush.
The sky is over our heads.
The cat jumps upon the table.
* वरील वाक्यांमध्ये अनुक्रमे in the river, under a bush, over our heads, upon the table हे वाक्यांश
(phrases) आहेत. त्यांना अर्थ आहे, पण तो पूर्ण नाही.

• · वैशिष्ट्येः (i) phrase हा श्ब्दांचा समूह आहे. phrase मध्ये कमीत कमी एक शब्द सुद्‍धा असू शकतो.

(A phrase is a small group of words. It may consist of one or more words.)
(ii) It makes sense but not complete sense. It has no subject.
(iii) A phrase may also embed a clause. (वाक्यांमध्ये उपवाक्ये देखील सामावलेले असते.)
e.g. This is the temple that Ahilyabai built. या वाक्यात अधोरेखित भाग phrase आहे आणि that
Ahilyabai built हा clause आहे.

• · Kinds of phrases :

(1)  Noun Phrase : Rajesh knew when to get up.
(2)  Adjective Phrase : Do you see the girl selling baskets?
(3)  Adverb Phrase : The elephant walks very slowly.
(4)  Verb Phrase : They may have been working since morning.
(5)  Preposition Phrase : The children were swimming in the river.
[III] Clause
एकाच वाक्यामध्ये अनेक वाक्यांना समूह असून प्रत्येक वाक्यात स्वतंत्र उद्‍देश व विधेय असते, अशा प्रत्येक
वाक्याला उपवाक्य किंवा पोटवाक्य (Clause) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Gopal works in the garden and Seeta works in the kitchen.
या वाक्यात (i) Gopal works in the garden आणि Seeta works in the kitchen अशी दोन स्वतंत्र वाक्ये
आहेत. प्रत्येक वाक्यात उद्‍देश (Subject) आणि विधेय (predicate) आहेत. अशा प्रत्येक वाक्याला clause असे
म्हणतात.

• · The Elements of the clause :

The five elements of the clause are : (1) Subject (S) (2) Verb (V) (3) Object (O) (4)
Complements (C) (5) Adverbial (A) [from 2 to 5 is known as predicate.]
e.g. Indian voters recently elected Mrs. Pratibhatai Patil, the President of India.
* वरील वाक्यात Indian voters (S), recently (A), elected (V), Mrs. Pratibhatai Patil (O), the
President of India (C).
[IV] Sentence
क्रमबद्‍ध अर्थपूर्ण शब्दांच्या समूहास वाक्य (Sentence) असे म्हणतात. कर्ता, क्रियापद व इतर शब्द मिळून वाक्य
तयार होते. उद्‍देश व विधेय हे वाक्याचे प्रमूख भाग आहेत.
e.g. I love my country. (मी माझ्या देशावर प्रेम करतो.)
Children love toys. (मुलांना खेळ्णी आवडतात.)
John sold caps. (जॉन टोप्या विकत असे.)
टीप ः (a) वाक्य शब्दांनी तयार होते.
(b) वाक्यामध्ये शब्दांच्या क्रमाला महत्त्व असते. फक्त शब्दांचा समूह म्हणजे वाक्य नव्हे.  e.g. I love children
toys हा शब्दांचा समूह आहे, पण वाक्य नाही. त्यासाठी त्यांचा योग्य तो क्रम बदलून children love toys
असे अर्थपूर्ण वाक्य तयार होते.
(b) वाक्यात कमीत कमी कर्ता व क्रियापद असावेच लागतात.
e.g. I play.
(d) वाक्यांनी परिच्छेद तयार होतो.
e.g. shivaji was brave and noble. He loved his country very much. He did his best to
free his country. Mavalas stood by him in sun and shower.

• · Parts of the Sentence :

* प्रत्येक वाक्याचे दोन भाग असतातः
(1) Subject, (2) Predicate
(1) Subject (उद्देश्य) : वाक्यामध्ये ज्या विषयी बोलेल जाते त्याला Subject असे म्हणतात.
e.g. John sold caps या वाक्यात John हा शब्द subject आहे.
(2) Predicate (विधेय) - उद्देशाबद्दल आपण जे सांगतो, त्यालाच Predicate असे म्हणतात.
e.g. या वाक्यात sold caps हे Predicate आहे.
टीपः    (a) Subject कर्त्याचे कार्य करतो.
(b) Predicate मध्ये क्रियापद व क्रम यांचा समावेश असतो.
(c) वाक्याची रचना      = Subject + Predicate
= Subject + Verb + Object
= S + V + O अशी असते.

• · Learn this :

(i)    The king was impressed.
Subject                        Predicate
(ii)     They lived in a small hut.
Subject                        Predicate

• · Kinds of the sentence

वाक्याचे चार प्रकार आहेतः
(1) Assertive Sentence (Statement) विधानार्थी वाक्ये
(2) Interrogative Sentence (Questions) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये
(3) Imperative Sentence (Commands) आज्ञार्थी वाक्ये
(4) Exclamatory Sentence (Exclamations) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्ये

• · प्रत्येक वाक्याच्या प्रकारची माहितीः

(1) Assertive Sentence विधानार्थी वाक्ये :
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये सामान्य विधान केलेले असते, त्याला Assertive Sentence असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Kedar is playing in the garden.
Monica works hard.
Deepa wept loudly.
टीपः     (a) विधानार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस कर्ता वापरतात.
(b) विधानार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
(c) विधानार्थी वाक्य Affirmative आणि Negative अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Shankar likes reading. (Affirmative)
Shankar does not like reading. (Negative)
2.   Interrogative Sentence  ( प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये ) :
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये प्रश्न विचारलेला असतो, त्या वाक्याला Interrogative Sentence असे म्हणतात.
e.g. What is your name?
Where do you live?
Who are you?
टीप ः (a) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम/ क्रियाविशेषण किंवा साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वापरतात.
(b) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.
(c) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याचे वर्गीकरणः
(i) प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामांनी किंवा प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषणांनी सुरु होणारी.
(ii) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांनी सुरु होणारी.
(d) प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामेः who, what, whom, which, whose.
(e) प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषणेः where, when, why, how.
(f) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदेः am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, dare,
should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must, need, ought, to, used, to.
(g) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य होकारार्थी व नकारार्थी अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Who do you take part in this competition? (होकारार्थी)
Why don’t you take part in this competition? (नकारार्थी)
3. Imperative Sentence ( आज्ञार्थी वाक्य ):
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये आज्ञा, विनंती, उपदेश, हुकूम, प्रार्थना इत्यादी भावना व्यक्त केलेल्या असतात, त्या वाक्याला असे
Imperative Sentence म्हणतात.
e.g. Help me, my son.
Open that window.
Don’t go that way again.
Stop it, girls.
Pardon me, Sir.
Forgive me, Madam.
Please give me your book.
टीपः (a) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप वापरतात.
e.g. help, open, go, stop, pardon, forgive, give, etc.
(b) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य नकारार्थी असेल तर सुरुवातीस don’t चा वापर करतात.
(c) आज्ञार्थी वाक्यामध्ये विनंती असेल, तर सुरुवातीस please शब्द वापरतात. कधी कधी please हा
विनंतीदर्शक शब्द वाक्याच्या शेवटी सुद्‍धा वापरतात. माञ त्यापूर्वी स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Please help me.
Help me, please.
(d) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
(e) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य होकारार्थी अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Don’t cry again. (Negative)
Stop writing. (Afirmative)
(f)  आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या कर्ता you अध्याह्त (understood) असतो.
4. Exclamatory Sentence उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्य ः
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये हर्ष, खेद, आश्चर्य, तिरस्कार, भिती, दुःख इत्यादी मानवविकार व्यक्त केलेले असतात, त्यावाक्याला
Exclamatory Sentence असे म्हणतात.
e.g. What a strange dream it is!
How kind you are!
टीप ः (a) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस what,how, alas, oh, hurrah असे शब्द वापरतात.
(b) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्याच्या शेवटी उद्‍गारचिन्ह देतात.
(c) उद्‍गारवाचक वाक्य फक्त होकारार्थी रुपातच व्यक्त करता येते.
(d) Optative Sentence :
e.g. May God bless you, my child!
अशा वाक्यांना इच्छादर्शक वाक्ये असे म्हणतात. यांच्या सुरुवातीस May चा वापर करतात. शेवटी उद्‍गारचिन्ह
देतात.

• · Learn and Remember :

(1) A word consists of one or more syllables. (2) A phrase consists of one or more words. (3) A clause consists of one more phrase. (4) A sentence consists of one more clauses. e.g. (1) The dog/was sleeping/under a bush. * phrases : (i) The dog (ii) was sleeping (iii) under a bush. * sentence : The dog was sleeping under a bush. (one clause) (2) I get what I want. * clause : (i) I get (ii) what I want. * sentence : I get what I want. (two clause)

• · सरावासाठी प्रत्यक्ष सोडवून दिलेले काही प्रश्नः

[I] Divide the following sentence into two parts i.e. subject and predicate :
(i) My daughter is expert in flattering me.
(ii) The opposite of love is hate.
(iii) The children could not believe it.
(iv) The blind musician was sleeping on the floor.
(v)  Chinmay kicked it out of the train.

No.	Subject	Predicate
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)	My daughter The opposite of love The children The blind musician Chinmay	is expert in flattering me. is not hate. could not believe it. Was sleeping on the floor. Kicked it out of the train.

[II] Identify the kinds of sentence :
(i) Who is Payal?
Interrogative sentence.
(ii) My Robbi is made of shining metals.
Assertaive sentence.
(iii) Bring me milk.
Imperative sentence.
(iv) What an excellent piece it is!
Exclametory sentence.
* Exercise *
[I] Divide the following sentence into two parts i.e. subjects and precicate :
(1) Mother was busying herself in the kitchen.
(2) Lonar village is about 800 kilometres from Mumbai.
(3) Copies were made by experts on the paintings.
(4) A bird sanctuary has developed here since 1950.
(5) Matheran is very shady.
(6) Buddha was not flattered by this praise.
(7) This cycle repeats herself day after day.
(8) Bhimsen loved music.
(9) My grandfather sold the house.
(10) People in India use trees in many different ways.
[II] Identify the kinds of sentence :
(1) Children make toys with the outer husk and shell.
(2) What is Robbi made of?
(3) Came on, Robbi!
(4) Can I come with you?
(5) The thief picked up the handbag.
(6) Let me you are, Mum!
(7) What are the others here for?
(8) What an exciting tour it is!
(9) I love you both!
[III] Join parts from ‘A’ to those in ‘B’ to from meaningful sentences :

‘A’	‘B’
(i) Mother (ii) The nighbours (iii) The robber (iv) The thief (v)  Buddha	Gives us little things from time to time. taught his followers to be kind to others. whipped out his knife. was busying herself in the kitchen. picked up his dagger.

ANSWERS

1. Sentence and its parts

No.	Subject	Predicate
	Mother	Was busying herself in the kitchen.
	Lonar village	Is about 800 kilometres from Mumbai
	Copies	Were made by experts on the paintings.
	A bird sanctuary	Has developed here since 1950
	Matheran	Is very shady
	Buddhda	Was not flattered by this praise
	This cycle	Repeats herself day after day
	Bhimsen	Loved music.
	My grandfather	Sold the house.
10.	People in India	Use trees in many different ways.

[II] (1) Assertive Sentence (2) Interrogative Sentence (3) Imperative Sentence (4) Interrogative Sentence (5) Assertive Sentence (6) Imperative Sentence (7) Exclamatory Sentence (8) Interrogative Sentence (9) Exclamatory Sentence (10) Assertive Sentence.
[III] (1) Mother was busying herself in the kitchen.
(1)  The nighbours give us little things from time to time.
(2)  The robber picked up his dagger.
(3)  The thief whipped out his knife.
(4)  Buddha taught his followers to be kind to others.
Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य)
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये प्रश्न विचारलेला असतो, त्या वाक्याला प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य (Interrogative Sentence) असे
म्हणतात.
e.g. Do you know it? [Verbal question or yes/no type question]
Where do you live? [Wh-question]

• · Kinds of Interrogative Sentence :

[I]  Verbal questions or yes/no type questions :
साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांनी सुरु होणा-या प्रश्नांना Verbal quations असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Did you brush your teeth properly, Sarika?
May I come in, Sir?
Shall I fix a piece of jam and bread for you?
टीप ः (i) Verbal question च्या सुरुवातीस साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वापरतात.
(ii) Verbal question चे उत्तर yes किंवा no ने देतात. yes किंवा no नंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.
(iii) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदेः am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, will,
should, would, can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought, to, used to.
(iv) साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदे फक्त साधा वर्तमानकाळ व साधा भूतकाळ असणाय्रा होकारार्थी वाक्यात वापरले
नसते. Verbal question तयार साध्या वर्तमानकाळात I, we, you, they, हे कर्ते असताना do आणि he,
she, it हे कर्ते असताना does हे साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस वापरतात, तर साध्या
भूतकाळात did चा वापर करतात.
e.g. (a) The students understand the problem.
Do the students understands the problem?
(b) The students understands the problems.
Does the students understand the problem?
* Does वापरताना मूळ क्रियापदास लागलेले ‘s’ किंवा ‘es’ प्रत्यय काढून टाकतात.
(c) The students understand the problem.
Did the student understand the problem?
* Did चा वापर करताना भूतकाळी क्रियापदाचे वर्तमानकाळी रुप लिहितात.
understand = Did ………. understand.
(v) प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याच्या शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह (?) देतात.

[II] Wh – question :
प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामांनी / क्रियाविशेषणांनी सुरु होणा-या प्रश्नांना Wh-question असे म्हणतात.
e.g. What does the word ‘robot’ mean?
Where was Mohandas born?
टीप ः (i) Wh-question च्या सुरुवातीस प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषण वापरतात.
(ii) Wh-question मध्ये प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषणानंतर साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वापरतात.
(iii) Wh-question चे उत्तर पूर्ण वाक्यात देतात.
(iv) प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनामे ः what, which, who, whose, whom.
(v) प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषणे ः where, when, why, how.
(vi) प्रश्न कोणत्याही प्रकारचा असो, त्यामूळे साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद असतेच.

• · How to frame a Wh-question?

He lives in a hut.
Where does he live?
टीप ः (i) Wh-question तयार करताना सुरुवातीस प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषण वापरतात.
(ii) in a hut हा अधोरेखित भाग असून ते तयार होणा-या प्रश्नाचे उत्तर आहे; म्हणून त्याचा प्रश्नामध्ये समावेश
केलेला नाही. त्याऐवजी सुरुवातीस where हे प्रश्नार्थक क्रियाविशेषण वापरले.
(iii) lives वरुन साध्या वर्तमानकाळाचा बोध होतो; म्हणून where नंतर does हे साहाय्यकारी वापरुन ‘s’ चा
लोप केला.
(iv) Wh-question ची रचनाः प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम / क्रियाविशेषण + साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद + कर्ता + मुख्य
क्रियापद + predicate चा उरलेला भाग.
e.g. People met him on the road.
Where did people meet him?
[III] Rhetorical question :
हा अलंकारिक प्रश्न असतो. वक्ता व श्रोता यांच्यामध्ये सुसंवाद साधण्यासाठी वक्तृत्वपूर्ण भाषाशैलीचा वापर करुन
वक्ता आपले म्हणणे भारदस्त शब्दांच्या मदतीने श्रोत्याच्या मनावर बिंबविण्याचा प्रयत्न करीत असतो. त्याचे उत्तर
प्रश्नातच सामावलेले असते.
e.g. How can a letter contain it?
हा Rhetorical question आहे. अशा प्रकारचे प्रश्न माहिती मिळविण्यासाठी विचारलेले नसतात. फक्त जोर
देऊन मुद्‍दा मांडणे एवढाच त्याचा हेतू असतो.
e.g. (1) How can a letter contain it?
(2) Is it fair?
टीप ः Rhetorical question हा Verbal question किंवा Wh-question च्या रुपात मांडता येतो.

• · Some more examples for practice :

[I] Change the following statements into ‘verbal question’ :
(1) Business followed the same pattern.
Did business follow the same pattern?
(2) Gandiji had a golden touch.
Had Gandiji a golden touch?
(3) The children enjoy themsellevs thoroughly/
Do the children enjoy themselves thoroughly?
(4) I shall make coffe for you.
Shall I make coffe for you?
(5) We are civilized now.
Are we civilized now?

• · Learn this :

* Question that can be answered either in ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ from are called ‘yes/no type questions’ Or ‘ verbal questions’. * Verbal question are formed by placing the helping verb before the subject putting a question mark at the end. * Verbal question are formed by using helping verb ‘do’ before the subject, when the sentence does not have (i) the verb ‘be’ (ii) the verb ‘have’ (iii) the model verb. (Helping verbs ‘do’, ‘does’, ‘did’ are used form question where a helping verb is absent in a statement.

[II] Frame a ‘Wh-question’ to get the underlined parts as the answer :
(1) Our route took us to Jaipur.
Where did our route take us?
(2) We saw pretty village of Tamil Nadu.
What did we see?
(3) India’s main enemy was poverty.
What was India’s main enemy?
(4) The thief was beaten by the police.
By whom the thief beaten?
(5) The camera is in the cupboard.
Where is the camera?
* ‘Wh-question’ begin with ‘Wh-words’.
* ‘Wh-question’ can’t be answered with a simple ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ as an answer.
[III] Frame a ‘Rhetorical question’ from each statement :
(1) We can’t forget Bapuji.
How can we forget Bapuji?
(2) It is not right.
Is it right?
(3) It is possible for India to win Australia.
Is it possible for India to win Australia?
(4) He can’t face his mighty enemy.
Can he face his mighty enemy.?
(5) Coping the west is not the answer to our problems.
Is coping the west the answer to our problems?
* Exercise *
[I] Change the following statements into ‘Verbal question’ :
(1) On the day the day dawned as usual.
(2) There was milk supply and water supply, too.
(3) Ours is democratic set up.
(4) We have built a small arsenal of spary guns.
(5) The family had enough to eat.
[II] Frame a ‘Wh-question’ to get the underlined part as the answer :
(1) People came to eat free snacks.
(2) The sky suddenly became an ocean.
(3) My nephew Dinesh lives in Kurla.
(4) Ganukaka was relating the story of a neighour of his.
(5) Lama had been doing penance for ages in a cave.
[III] Frame a ‘Rhetorical question’ from each statement :
(1) The condition of this child is not different from the child in the factory.
(2) We cannot do anything that would disgrace our country.
(3) It was indeed the wrong way to cross the road.
(4) I shall never forget those days in childhood.
(5) There is nothing better than honest hard work.
ANSWERS
Interrogative Sentences
[I] (1) Did the day dawn as usual on that day?
(2) Was there milk supply and water supply, too?
(3) Is ours a democratic set up?
(4) Have we built up a small arsenal of spray guns?
(5) Had the family enough to eat?
[II] (1) What did people come to?
(2) What did the sky suddenly become?
(3) Where does my nephew Dinesh live?
(4) What was Ganukaka relating?
(5) Who had been doing penance for ages in a cave?
[III] (1) Is the condition of this child different from the child in the zari factory?
(2) How can we do anything that would disgrace our country?
(3) Wasn’t it the wrong way to cross the road?
(4) How shall I forget those days in childhood?
(5) Is there anything better than honest hard work?
Imperative sentence (आज्ञार्थी वाक्य)
ज्या वाक्यामध्ये आज्ञा, विनंती, उपदेश, हुकूम, प्रार्थना, आर्जव इत्यादी भावना व्यक्त केलेल्या असतात, त्या
वाक्याला Impertive Sentence/Command असे म्हणतात.
e.g. Help me, my son.
Open that window.
Stop it, girls.
Paradon me, Sir.
Forgive me, Madam.
Please give me your book.
टीपः (i) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप वापरतात. (Impertive begins with the form of a
verb.)
e.g. help, open, stop, paradon, forgive, give, etc.
(ii) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या शेवटी पूर्णविराम देतात.
(iii) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य नकरार्थी आणि होकारार्थी अशा दोन्ही रुपात असू शकते.
e.g. Run fast. (Affirmative)
Don’t run fast. (negative)
(iv) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या कर्ता ‘you’ दिलेला नसतो. तो अध्याह्रत (understand) असतो.
e.g. ‘Stand up’ means You stand up.
(v) आज्ञार्थी वाक्य नकारार्थी असेल, तर त्याच्या सुरुवातीस Don’t (Do not) चा वापर करतात.
e.g. Don’t cry loudly.
(vi) आज्ञार्थी वाक्यामध्ये विनंती असेल, तर सुरुवातीस please शब्द वापरतात. कधी कधी please हा शब्द शेवटी
सुद्‍धा वापरतात. मात्र त्यापूर्वी स्वल्पविराम देतात.
e.g. Please help me. / Help me, please.

• · Learn this :

* Impertive sentence tells someone to do something. * It does not have a subject. The subject is understand as ‘you’. * It is expressed only in the Simple Present Tense. * It is often for giving instructions. * It expresses a command, a request, a wish, an advice, an order, an instruction, an encouragement etc.

• Imperative sentence are used for various purpose/functions.

e.g. Keep quit.                                (command)
Stand up.                                  (order)
Take care of yourselves.          (advice)
Please give me your book.       (request)
Paradon me, Sir.                      (forgiveness)
Wish you best of luck.              (blessing)
Let’s go now.                            (suggestion)
Let them go now.                      (permission)
Kindly save me from the fire.    (request)
टीपः (i) Let हे सुद्‍धा क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप आहे; म्हणून Let ने सुरु होणारे वाक्य आज्ञार्थी असते.
(ii) Let’s =Let us ने सुरुवात असलेले आज्ञार्थी वाक्य suggestion व्यक्त करते.
(iii) Let them go now हे वाक्य permission व्यक्त करते.
(iv) Kindly चा वापर please ऐवजी करतात.

• · Polite Request :

Imperative sentence are mostly used for polite request. नम्रपणे केलेली विनंती म्हणजेच Polite
request होय.
e.g. Shut that window. (command)
Would you shut that window? (Polite Request)

• · विनंती करण्याचे प्रकार ः

(1) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस Do चा वापर केला असता विनंतीदर्शक वाक्य तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your book. (Command)
Do give me your book. (Request)
(2) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस किंवा शेवटी please चा वापर केला असता विनंतीदर्शक वाक्य तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your book. (Command)
Please give me your book. or Give me your book, please. (Request)
(3) आज्ञार्थी वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस will किंवा can चा वापर केला असता विनंतीदर्शक प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your book. (Command)
Will you give me your book? or Can you give me your book? (Command)
(4) Will आणि can च्या जागी would किंवा could चा वापर केला असता Polite Request तयार होते.
e.g. Give me your pen. (Command)
Would you give me your pen? or Could you give me your pen? (Polite Request)

• · Some more examples solved for practice :

[I]  Read the following sentence and tell what they express :
(1) Please come in.
Request.
(2) Sorry.
Apology.
(3) Take two spoonful of honey in the morning everyday.
Advice.
(4) Turn to right, walk for about five mitutes, then take the left turn and five mitutes you reach
the place.
Instructioins.
(5) Come on.
Command.
[II] Turn the following imperative sentence into ‘Polite Request’ :
(1) Lend me your pen.
Would you me lend me your pen?
(2) Tell me where the railway station is.
Could you tell me where the railway station is?
(3) Look after your parents.
Would you look after your parents?
(4) Take something.
Would you take something?
(5) Open that door.
Would you open that door?
Exercise
[I] Read the following sentence and tell what they express :
(1) Kindly make room for waiting friends.
(2) Please get me a glass of water.
(3) Sit down and study.
(4) Don’t make the place dirty.
(5) My God bless you!
(6) Look in the mirror before you drive off.
(7) Thank you, honey.
(8) Try again you nearly did it.
(9) Have a nice day!
(10) Now, run along.
(11) Happy birthday to you.
(12) Let’s try it.
(13) Let me try.
(14) Remember to share it with them.
[II] Turn the following imperative sentence into ‘Polite Request’ :
(1) Submit your application tomorrow at this very hour.
(2) Bring your child to me tomorrow.
(3) Allow me to go for the picnic.
(4) Show me the way to the Civil Hospital.
(5) Come tomorrow, I’m busy today.
(6) Polish my shoes nicely.
(7) Open the door.
(8) Hurry up.
(9) Keep quite.
(10) Help me!
[III] Change the following imprerative sentence into ‘Negative’ :
(1) Do it again.
(2) Increase the power.
(3) Throw it away.
(4) Open the window.
(5) Go ahead.
ANSWERS

1. 1. Imperative Sentences

[I] (1) request (2) request (3) command (4) instruction (5) blessing (6) suggestion         (7) gratitude (8) encouragement (9) wish (10) command (11) wish (12) suggestion      (13) permission (14) command
[II]

1. Could you submit your application tomorrow at this very hour?
2. Could you……….?
3. Would you………?
4. Could you……….?
5. Would you………?
6. Could you……….?
7. Would you………?
8. Could you……….?
9. Would you………?

10.  Could you………?
[III]

1. Don’t do it again.
2. Don’t………...
3. Don’t…………
4. Don’t…………
5. Don’t…………

Negative sentence (नकारार्थी वाक्य)
(1) It is true.                 (2) It is true.
   It is not true.                 It is not false.
*    येथे एकच वाक्य दोन प्रकारे नकारार्थी करुन दाखवले आहेः
(i) अर्थामध्ये बदल करुन,   (ii) अर्थामध्ये बदल न करुन
*    वाक्य नकारार्थी करताना साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांनंतर not चा किंवा नकारदर्शक शब्दाचा वापर करतात.
*    काळाच्या एकूण बारा रचना आहेत. त्यापैकी (i) साधा वर्तमानकाळ, (ii) साधा भूतकाळ या दोन रचनांमध्ये प्रत्यक्ष
साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद दिलेले नसते.
*    साध्या वर्तमानकाळात I, we, you, you they, हे पाच कर्ते असताना वाक्य नकारार्थी करायचे असेल, तर
कर्त्यानंतर do not (don’t) चा वापर करतात.
e.g. We listen a sweet song.
We do not listen a sweet song.
*   साध्या वर्तमानकाळात He, She, It हे तीन तृतीय पुरुषी एकवचनी कर्ते असताना वाक्य नकारार्थी करायचे असेल,
तर कर्त्यानंतर does not (doesn’t) चा वापर करतात. मूळ क्रियापदास लागलेला s किंवा es प्रत्यय काढून
टाकतात.
e.g. Lata sings sweetly.
Lata does not sing sweetly.
*  साध्या भूतकाळात वाक्य नकारार्थी करताना कर्त्यानंतर did not (didn’t) चा वापर करतात. त्यानंतर भूतकाळी
क्रियापदाचे वर्तमानकाळी रुप लिहितात.
e.g. She removed the brace.
She did not remove the brace.

• e.g. She removed the brace.

She did not remove the brace.

• · वाक्ये नकारार्थी करण्याचे प्रकारः

दिलेल्या होकारार्थी वाक्यामध्ये साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदनंतर not चा वापर करुन वाक्य नकारार्थी करतात. माञ अशा वाक्यांच्या मूळ अर्थात बदल होत असतो.
e.g. I am your friend.
I am not your friend.

• Some more examples solved for practice :

(1) I like to read story books.
I don’t like to read story books.
(2) We are going to visit you soon.
We aren’t going to visit you soon.
(3) Kalyani has finished her work.
Kalyani hasn’t finished her work.
(4) If you work hard, you can earn money.
If you don’t work hard, you can earn money.
(5) Yash completes his homework at home.
Yash doesn’t completes his homework at home.

• · Remember the following negative forms used in above sentences :

(i) like – don’t like                       (ii) are – aren’t
(iii) has – hasn’t                           (iv) work – don’t work
(v) completes – doesn’t complete
[II] अर्थामध्ये बदल न करताः
दिलेल्या होकारार्थी वाक्यामध्ये साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदानंतर not चा वापर करतात. मूळ वाक्यातील विशेषणाच्या /
नामाच्या विरुद्‍ध शब्द वापरतात.
e.g. I am your friend.
I am not your enemy.

• · Some more examples sloved for practice :

(1) She was happy to come.
She wasn’t unhappy to come.
(2) The first time is most difficult.
The fitst time is not very easy.
(3) Her tongue is rough.
Her tongue isn’t rough.
(4) It is difficult for them to survive in colder regions.
It isn’t easy difficult for them to survive in colder regions.
(5) It was the right thing to do.
It wasn’t the wrong thing to do.

• Try to understand the negative forms used in above sentences :

(i) was happy – wasn’t unhappy        (ii) is most difficult – isn’t very easy
(ii) is rough – isn’t smooth                  (iv) is difficult – isn’t easy
(v) was right – wasn’t wrong
* Execise *
[I] Change the following sentence into negatives :
(1) I like travelling by bus.
(2) He was late for the interview.
(3) I work for a company in Mumbai.
(4) The weather is very nice today.
(5) I have been working hard now-a-days.
(6) A tree gives us delicious fruits.
(7) Women used dried coconout shells to make spoons.
(8) The banana grows easily in the tropics.
(9) I can see a mango tree in the park nearby.
(10) The boy seemed to enjoy to whole exercise.
(11) I was drawn to like it a magnet.
(12) Deepti, wake up.
(13) My day begins like this.
(14) She does her work quietly.
(15) I would be wasting my money.
[II] Change the following sentence into  negatives without a change in the meaning :
(1) The mango wood is very strong.
(2) Matheran is very cold.
(3) That’s different.
(4) He’s alive.
(5) They will be good.
(6) He was a rich man.
(7) It is a bad suggestion.
(8) You are unfortunate.
(9) He is lucky.
(10) Fear is a bad thing.
(11) Chinmay was bold.
(12) Charu was brave.
(13) The robber was a cruel man.
(14) The blind musician was courageous.
(15) Mahabaleshwar is a cold place.
ANSWERS

1. 1. Negative Sentence

1. I do not like travelling by bus.
2. He was not late for the interview
3. I do not work for a company in Mumbai.
4. The weather is not very nice today.
5. I have not been working hard now-a-days.
6. A tree does not give us delicious fruits.
7. Women didn’t use dried coconut shells to make spoons.
8. The banana does not grow easily
9. I can’t see a mango tree in the park nearby.

10.  The boy didn’t seem to enjoy to whole
11.  I was not drawn to it like a magnet.
12.  Deepti, don’t wake up.
13.  My day doesn’t like this.
14.  She does not do her work quietly.
15.  I would not be wasting my money
[II]

1. The mango wood is not weak at all.
2. Matheran is not hot at all.
3. That isn’t same.
4. He is not dead.
5. They won’t be bad.
6. He was not a poor man.
7. It isn’t a good suggestion.
8. You are not fortunate.
9. He isn’t unlucky.

10.  Fear isn’t a good thing.
11.  Chinmay wasn’t timid.
12.  Charu wasn’t coward.
13.  The robber wasn’t kind man.
14.  The blind musician wasn’t coward.
15.  Mahabaleshwar isn’t a hot place.