Tenses (काळ)

क्रियापदाच्या रुपावरुन क्रिया केव्हा घडली, हे समजणे म्हणजेच काळ (Tense) होय. क्रियापदाच्या रुपावरुन

क्रियेचा काळ किंवा वेळ समजणे यालाच आपण काळ असे म्हणतो.

e.g. I wrote a letter. wrote वरुन लिहिण्याची क्रिया ‘घडली’ असा बोध होतो.

I write a letter. write वरुन लिहीण्याची क्रिया ‘घडते’ असा बोध होतो.

I shall write a letter. shall write वरुन लिहीण्याची क्रिया ‘घडेल’ असा बोध होतो.

* Kinds of Tense :

काळाचे मुख्य प्रकार तीन आहेत.

(1) Present Tense (वर्तमानकाळ) -

घडत असताना क्रियांचा काळ म्हणजे वर्तमानकाळ (Present Tense) होय. आजच्या क्रिया, आताच्या क्रिया,

हल्लीच्या क्रिया वर्तमानकाळाचा बोध करतात.

e.g. I write a letter. (मी पत्र लिहितो.)

I am writing a letter. (मी पत्र लिहित आहे.)

I have writing a letter. (मी पत्र लिहिलेले आहे.)

I have been writing a letter. (मी पत्र लिहित आलो आहे.)

write साधा काळ, am writing अपूर्ण काळ, have written पूर्ण काळ, have been writing पूर्ण चालू काळ असे

वरील चार वाक्यांतील क्रियापदांचे वर्तमानकाळातील क्रियांच्या संदर्भात वर्गीकरण होऊ शकते.

(2) Past Tense (भूतकाळ) -

घडलेल्या क्रियांचा काळ म्हणजेच भूतकाळ (Past Tense) होय. कालच्या क्रिया, पूर्वीच्या क्रिया, गतकाळातील

क्रिया म्हणजेच भूतकाळ होय.

e.g. I wrote a letter. (मी पत्र लिहिले.)

I was writing a letter. (मी पत्र लिहित होतो.)

I had writing a letter. (मी पत्र लिहिलेले होते.)

I had been writing a letter. (मी पत्र लिहित आलो होतो.)

wrote साधा काळ, was writing अपूर्ण काळ, had writing पूर्ण काळ, had been writing पूर्ण चालू काळ असे

वरील चार वाक्यांतील क्रियापदांचे भूतकाळातील क्रियांच्या वर्गीकरण होऊ शकते.

(3) Future Tense (भविष्यकाळ) -

पुढे घडतील अशा क्रियांचा काळ म्हणजेच भविष्यकाळ (Future Tense) होय. उद्याच्या क्रिया, येणा-या क्रिया,

भविष्यकाळातील क्रिया भविष्यातील क्रिया भविष्यकाळाचा बोध करतात.

e.g. I shall write a letter. (मी पत्र लिहीन.)

I shall be writing a letter. (मी पत्र लिहित असेन.)

I shall have writing a letter. (मी पत्र लिहिलेले असेन.)

I shall have been writing a letter. (मी पत्र लिहित आलो असेन.)

shall write साधा काळ, shall be writing अपूर्ण काळ, shall have written पूर्ण काळ, shall have been

writing पूर्ण चालू काळ असे वरील चार वाक्यांतील क्रियापदांचे भविष्यकाळातील क्रियांच्या संदर्भात वर्गीकरण

होऊ शकते.

* Sub kinds of Tense :

प्रत्येक मुख्य काळाचे चार उपप्रकार आहेत. प्रत्येक काळात घडणा-या क्रियांचे वर्गीकरण चार प्रकारे होऊ शकते. हे

वर्गीकरण म्हणजे काळांचे उपप्रकार होत.

(A) Simple Tense साधा काळः

नियमित घडणा-या क्रियांचा काळ म्हणजेच साधा काळ होय.

e.g. I write a letter. write वरुन साध्या वर्तमानकाळाचा बोध होतो.

I wrote a letter. wrote वरुन साध्या भूतकाळाचा बोध होतो.

I shall write a letter. shall write वरुन साध्या भविष्यकाळाचा बोध होतो.

(B) Continuous Tense / Progressive Tense / Imperfect Tense (अपूर्ण काळ / चालू काळ) -

घडत होती, घडत आहे, घडत असेल अशा त्या त्या विशिष्ट काळातील क्रिया म्हणजे अपूर्ण काळ / चालू काळ होय.

e.g. I am writing a latter. am writing वरुन चालू वर्तमानकाळाचा बोध होतो.

I was writing a letter. was writing वरुन चालू भूतकाळाचा बोध होतो.

I shall be writing a letter. shall be writing वरुन चालू भविष्यकाळाचा बोध होतो.

(C) Perfect Tense पूर्ण काळः

त्या त्या विशिष्ट काळामध्ये पूर्ण झालेल्या क्रियेच्या काळाला पूर्ण काळ असे म्हणतात. घडलेली होती, घडलेली आहे,

घडलेली असेल असे क्रियापदाच्या रुपावरुन समजणे म्हणजेच पूर्ण काळ होय.

e.g. I have written a letter. have written वरुन पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळाचा बोध होतो.

I had written a letter. had written वरुन पूर्ण भूतकाळाचा बोध होतो.

I shall have written a letter. shall have written वरुन पूर्ण भविष्यकाळाचा बोध होतो.

(D) Perfect Continuous Tense पूर्ण चालू काळः

एका विशिष्ट वेळी सुरु होऊन अंशतः पूर्णत्व प्राप्त झालेली क्रिया अद्यापही चालू होती / आहे / असेल असे समजणे

म्हणजेच पूर्ण चालू काळ होय.

e.g. I had been writing a letter.

I have been writing a letter.

I shall have been writing letter.

have been writing वरुन पूर्ण चालू वर्तमानकाळाचा बोध होतो.

had been writing वरुन पूर्ण चालू भूतकाळाचा बोध होतो.

shall have been writing वरुन पूर्ण चालू भविष्यकाळाचा बोध होतो.

1) Simple Present Tense :

वर्तमानकाळामध्ये रीत, सवय किंवा नित्य घडणा-या गोष्टी यांचे वर्णन करण्यासाठी ज्या काळाचा वापर करतात,

त्यालाच Simple Present Tense असे म्हणतात.

e.g. I run. (मी धावतो.)

We run. (आम्ही धावतो.)

You run. (तू धावतो.)

You run. (तुम्ही धावतो.)

He run. (तो धावतो.)

She runs. (ती धावतो.)

It runs. (ते (मूल) धावते.)

They run. (ते/त्या/ती धावतात.)

टीपः (i) साध्या वर्तमानकाळी वाक्याची रचनाः

Subjects + Main Verb (first form) + Objects

e.g. I read a books.

Gopal reads a books.

(ii) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात कर्त्यांनंतर मुख्य क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप (base verb) वापरतात.

e.g. We swim in the river.

read, swim, run ही क्रियापदाची पहिली रुपे आहेत.

(iii) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात he, she, it हे तीन व इतर तृतीय पुरुषी एकवचनी कर्ते असताना क्रियापदाच्या

पहिल्या रुपाला s किंवा es प्रत्यय जोडतात.

(iv) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात तृतीय पुरुषी एकवचनी कर्त्याबरोबर वापरलेल्या क्रियापदांच्या शेवटी s, sh, ch, x, o,

z असे प्रत्यय असतील तर त्यांना es प्रत्यय जोडतात.

(v) त्रिकालाबाधित सत्य, भौगोलिक सत्य, नीतीमुल्य, वैज्ञानिक सत्य, भौमितिक व गणिती सत्य, सवयीच्या गोष्टी

या सर्वांचा काळ साधा वर्तमानकाळ असतो.

e.g. Humanity makes men glorious. (त्रिकालाबाधित सत्य)

The sun rises in the east. (भौगोलिक सत्य)

Real happiness lies in the happiness of others. (नीतीमुल्य)

Water always takes its level. (वैज्ञानिक सत्य)

Two and two make four. (गणिती सत्य)

Gopal wakes up early in the morning everyday. (सवयीची गोष्ट)

(vi) सवयीच्या किंवा नेहमीच्या क्रिया व्यक्त करण्यासाठी आपण Simple Present Tense चा वापर करतो. अशा

क्रियांना Habitual Actions (रीतदर्शक क्रिया) असे म्हणतात. अशा क्रियांचे वर्णन करणा-या काळाला

वर्तमानकाळात रीती वर्तमानकाळ असे म्हणतात. प्रत्यक्ष रचनेत मात्र Simple Present Tense आणि

Habitual Present Tense यांमध्ये फरक आढळत नाही.

e.g. We smell with our noses.

(आपण आपल्या नाकाने वास घेतो.) Simple Present Tense

(आपण आपल्या नाकांनी वास घेत असतो.) Habitual Present Tense

(vii) always, often, usually, sometimes, never, seldom, ever इत्यादी क्रियाविशेषणे रीती वर्तमानकाळ

सूचित करतात.

(viii) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये तयार करण्याचे नियमः

(1) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात प्रथम पुरुषी I, We, द्वितीय पुरुषी You, You तृतीय पुरुषी अनेकवचनी सर्वनाम

They व इतर अनेकवचनी कर्ते असताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस do हे साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वापरले असता

प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार होते.

e.g. (a) Children play in the garden.

Do children play in the garden?

(b) They swim in the river.

Do they swim in the river?

(2) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात He, She, It हे व इतर तृतीय पुरुषी एकवचनी कर्ते असताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस does

हे साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद वापरले असता प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार होते. मात्र मुख्य क्रियापदाला लागलेला s किंवा es

प्रत्यय काढून टाकतात.

e.g. (a) Gopal lives a frugal life.

Does Gopal live a frugal life?

(b) Seeta eats a mango.

Does Seeta eat a mango?

Does the child cry loudly?

(ix) do किंवा does ने सुरु होणा-या प्रश्नांची उत्तरे Yes किंवा No ने सुरुवात करुन पूर्ण किंवा संक्षिप्त वाक्यात

देतात. Yes किंवा No नंतर मात्र स्वल्पविराम देतात.

e.g. (a) Do Gopal and Seeta run?

Yes, they run. किंवा Yes, they do.

(b) Does Gopal learn a lesson?

Yes, he learns a lesson. किंवा Yes, he does.

No, he doesn’t learn a lesson. किंवा No, he doesn’t.

(x) साध्या वर्तमानकाळ नकारार्थी वाक्ये तयार करण्याचे नियमः

(1) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात I, We, You, You, They हे इतर अनेकवचनी कर्ते असताना कर्त्यांनंतर do not (don’t)

चा वापर केला असता नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार होते.

e.g. (a) I write a letter.

I do not write a letter.

(b) We go to school.

We do not go to school.

You don’t work in the field.

(d) You swim in the river.

You don’t swim in the river.

(e) They buy new books.

They don’t buy new books.

(2) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात He, She, It हे व इतर तृतीय पुरुषी एकवचनी कर्ते असताना कर्त्यांनंतर does not

(doesn’t) चा वापर केला असता नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार होतो. मात्र मुख्य क्रियापदाला लागलेला s किंवा es प्रत्यय

काढून टाकतात.

e.g. (a) John builds a house.

John does not build a house.

(b) Leela pushes a ball.

Leela doesn’t push a ball.

Lata doesn’t sing happily.

(xi) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात To be चे रुप मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून वापरलेले असेल, तर दुसरे कोणतेच मुख्य क्रियापद

त्या वाक्यामध्ये वापरलेले असते. To be ची वर्तमानकाळी रुपे am, is, are. प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना

To be च्या रुपाचा वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस वापर करतात आणि नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना To be च्या

रुपानंतर not चा वापर करतात.

e.g. (a) Assertive Sentences :

I am a boy.

We are boys.

You are a girl.

You are girls.

He is a boy.

She is a girl.

It is a child.

They are children.

(b) Interrogative Sentences :

Verbal Question : Is he a farmer?

Wh-question : What is he?

He isn’t a farmer.

She isn’t a teacher.

They aren’t happy.

I am not sad.

(xii) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात To have चे रुप मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून वापरलेले असेल, तर दुसरे कोणतेच मुख्य

क्रियापद त्या वाक्यामध्ये वापरलेले नसते. To have ची वर्तमानकाळी रुपे have, has प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार

करताना To have च्या रुपाचा च्या रुपानंतर not चा वापर करतात.

e.g. (a) Asserative Sentence :

I have a book.

We have book.

You have a notebook.

You have notebook.

(b) Interrogative Sentences :

Verbal question : have they toys?

Wh-question : What do they have?

They haven’t toys.

He hasn’t a dog.

* Remember this : have आणि has ही मुख्य क्रियापदे असताना त्यांची प्रश्नार्थक व नकारार्थी रुपे do आणि does

वापरुन देखील करता येतात.

(a) Interrogative Sentence :

Verbal Question : Do they have toys?

Does he have a dog?

Wh-question : What do they have?

What does he have?

(b) Negative Sentence : They don’t have toys.

He doesn’t have a dog.

(xiv) साध्या वर्तमानकाळात प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये तयार करताना कर्त्यानुसार वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस do किंवा does चा

वापर करुन आपण Verbal Question (साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदांनी सुरु होणारे प्रश्न) तयार करतो. परंतू अशा

वाक्यांच्या सुरुवातीस who, why, how, what, when, whom, which, where, whose ह्या Wh-words

चा वापर करुन Wh-question तयार करतात. त्यांची उत्तरे Yes किंवा No ने न देता पूर्ण माहितीच्या आधारे

पूर्ण वाक्यातच द्यावी लागतात.

e.g. Krishna lives in a village.

Verbal Question : Does Krishna live in a village?

Wh-question : Where does Krishna live?

* Learn this :

* We use the Simple Present Tense to talk about things that happen all the time. We use it to

say something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is taking place at the

time of speaking or not.

e.g. When you heat milk, some of the water in it evaporates.

* The use of the Simple Present Tense adds dramatic quality and excitement to the moment.

e.g. As we get back to the dressing room, I give a pep talk to them.

* The commentator does not use the Present Continuous Tense but he uses the Simple

Present Tense.

e.g. He comes …….., he bowls……… etc’.

It is the use of Historical Present.

(2) Simple Past Tense :

भूतकाळात एका विशिष्ट क्षणी घडलेल्या क्रियांचा काळ म्हणजे साधा भूतकाळ. ज्या क्रिया भूतकाळात सवयीने

घडल्या, सातत्याने घडल्या, रीत किंवा पध्दत दाखविण्यासाठी घडल्या अशा क्रियांचा काळ म्हणजे साधा भूतकाळ

होय.

e.g. I bought a book. (मी पुस्तक विकत घेतले.)

We sold gold ornaments. (आम्ही सोन्याचे दागिने विकले.)

You threw a ball. (तू चेंडू फेकलास.)

You caught a thief. (तुम्ही चोर पकडला.)

He ate an apple. (तिने सफरचंद खाल्ले.)

She cut vegetables. (तिने भाजीपाला कापला.)

It wept loudly. (ते मोठ्याने रडले.)

They swam in the river. (ते नदीमध्ये पोहले.)

Rafi sang a sweet song. (रफीने मधुर गीत गायिले.)

Lata composed some poems. (लताने काही कविता रचल्या.)

Farmers ploughed their fields. (शेतकय्रांनी आपली शेते नांगरली.)

टीपः (i) साध्या भूतकाळी वाक्यांची रचनाः

Subject + Main Verb (second form) + Object

e.g. John sold caps.

Vikram won the race.

(ii) साध्या भूतकाळात कर्त्यांनंतर मुख्य क्रियापदाचे दुसरे रुप वापरतात.

e.g. John woke up early in the morning.

* bought, sold, threw, caught, ate, cut, wept, swam, sang, composed, ploughed, won

ही वरील वाक्यांमध्ये आलेली क्रियापदाची दुसरी रुपे आहेत.

(iii) भूतकाळात एखादी क्रिया नियमितपणे किंवा वारंवार घडत होती हे दर्शविण्यासाठी Habitual Past Tense

चा वापर करण्यात येतो. Habitual Past Tense व्यक्त करण्यासाठी प्रामुख्याने used to हे साहाय्यकारी

क्रियापद वापरतात. used to नंतर मुख्य क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप वापरतात.

e.g. We used to go for a walk by the seashore.

(आम्ही समुद्रकिनारी फिरावयाला जात असू.)

My grandmother used to tell me the stories of brave warriors.

(माझी आजी मला शूर योद्‍ध्यांच्या गोष्टी सांगत असे.)

(iv) Habitual Past Tense (रीती भूतकाळ) व्यक्त करण्यासाठी would ह्या साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदाचा used

to ऐवजी वापर करतात. (would = used to) would नंतर मुख्य क्रियापदाचे पहिले रुप वापरतात.

e.g. Our teacher would tell us stories in those days.

Our teacher used to tell us stories in those days.

(आमचे गुरुजी त्याकाळी आम्हाला गोष्टी सांगत असत.)

(v) साध्या भूतकाळात प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करतांना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस did हे साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद

वापरुन भूतकाळी क्रियापदाचे वर्तमानकाळी रुप वापरतात. शेवटी प्रश्नचिन्ह देतात.

e.g. (a) Radha sold tomatoes.

Did Radha sell tomatoes?

(b) Dhnodiba grew vegetables.

Did Dhondiba grew vegetables?

Did Mr. Shastri teach a lesson?

* प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करतांना भूतकाळी क्रियापदांमध्ये होणारा बदल काळजीपूर्वक समजून घ्या.

sold = did ……. sell?

grew = did ……. grow?

taught = did …….. teach?

(vi) साध्या भूतकाळात did ने सुरु होणा-या प्रश्नांची उत्तरे Yes किंवा No ने सुरुवात करुन संक्षिप्त किंवा पूर्ण

वाक्यात देतात. Yes किंवा No नंतर मात्र स्वल्पविराम देतात.

e.g. Did the students learn a lesson?

Yes, they learnt a lesson. किंवा Yes, they did.

No, they didn’t learn a lesson. किंवा No, they didn’t.

(vii) साध्या भूतकाळात प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये तयार करताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस did चा वापर करुन आपण Verbal

Questions तयार करतो. परंतू अशा वाक्यांच्या सुरुवातीस Wh-words वापरुन Wh-Questions तयार करता

येतात. त्यांची उत्तरे Yes किंवा No ने न देता पूर्ण माहितीच्या आधारे पूर्ण वाक्यातच द्यावी लागतात.

e.g. John sold caps.

(a) Verbal Question : Did John sells caps?

(b) Wh-Question : What did John sell?

(viii) साध्या भूतकाळात नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करतांना did not (didn’t) चा वापर करुन भूतकाळी क्रियापदाचे

वर्तमानाकाळी रुप लिहितात.

e.g. (a) Kanta gave me a bell.

Kanta didn’t give me a bell.

(b) Sachin found his lost pen.

Sachin didn’t find his lost pen.

* नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना भूतकाळी क्रियापदामध्ये होणारा बदल काळजीपूर्वक अभ्यासा.

gave = didn’t give

found = didn’t find

(xi) साध्या भूतकाळात to be चे रुप मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून वापरलेले असेल, तर दुसरे कोणतेच मुख्य क्रियापद त्या

वाक्यामध्ये वापरलेले नसते. प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना to be च्या रुपाचा वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस वापर करतात

आणि नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना to be च्या रुपानंतर not चा वापर करतात.

भूतकाळी To be ची रुपे ः was, were

e.g. (a) Assertive Sentences :

I was happy.

We were happy.

You were happy.

He was happy.

She was happy.

It was happy.

They were happy.

(b) Interrogative Sentences :

Verbal question : Was he happy?

Wh-question : How was he?

He wasn’t happy.

She wasn’t dull.

(x) साध्या भूतकाळात To have चे रुप मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून वापरलेले असेल, तर दुसरे कोणतेच मुख्य क्रियापद

त्या वाक्यामध्ये वापरलेले नसते. प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना To have च्या रुपाचा वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस

वापर करतात आणि नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना To have च्या रुपानंतर not चा वापर करतात.

e.g. (a) Asserative Sentences :

Sheela had a doll.

Shankar had a box.

(b) Interrogative Sentences:

Verbal question : Had sheela a doll?

Wh-question : What did Sheela have?

Sheela hadn’t a doll.

(xi) Remember this : had हे मुख्य क्रियापद असताना प्रश्नार्थक आणि नकारार्थी वाक्ये did हे साहाय्यकारी

क्रियापद वापरुन देखील करता येतात.

(a) Interrogative Sentences :

Verbal-question: Did Sheela have a doll?

Wh-question : what did Sheela have?

(b) Negative Sentences : Sheela didn’t have a doll.

The child didn’t have a toy.

* Learn this :

* The Simple Past Tense is used to express an action that happened once in the past : a single

occurrence in the past.

e.g. The school bus arrived one hour late yesterday.

* Combination of the Simple Past Tense with the Past Continuous Tense. ‘पहिली क्रिया घडत

असताना दुसरी क्रिया घडली’ असा संकेत मिळतो, तेव्हा हे Combination शक्य असते.

e.g. Asha was reading a newspaper when father came home.

* Combination of the Simple Past Tense with the Past Perfect Tense.

‘पहिली क्रिया पूर्ण झालेली असताना दुसरी क्रिया घडली’ असा संकेत मिळतो, तेव्हा हे Combination शक्य असते.

e.g. By the time the fireman arrived, the fire had spread in all directions.

* The Simple Past Tense is used to describe a habitual or recurrent action in the past.

e.g. It rained every morning in the past.

(3) Simple Future Tense :

येणाय्रा आगामी काळात ज्या क्रिया मियमितपणे किंवा वारंवार घडणार असतील, अशा क्रियांचा काळाला साधा

भविष्यकाळ असे म्हणतात.

e.g. I shall listen a story. (मी गोष्ट ऐकेन.)

We shall listen a story. (आम्ही गोष्ट ऐकू.)

You will listen a story. (तू गोष्ट ऐकशील.)

You will listen a story. (तुम्ही गोष्ट ऐकाल.)

He will listen a story. (तो गोष्ट ऐकेल.)

She will listen a story. (ती गोष्ट ऐकेल.)

It will break a toy. (ते खेळणे मोडेल.)

They will listen a story. (ते/त्या/ती गोष्ट ऐकतील.)

टीपः (i) साध्या भविष्यकाळी वाक्याची रचनाः

Subject + shall/will + Main Verb (first form) + Object

I shall listen a story.

He will listen a story.

(ii) साध्या भविष्यकाळात प्रथम पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे कर्ते असतील तर त्यानंतर shall आणि द्वितीय पुरुषवाचक व

तृतीय पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे व इतर कोणतेही कर्ते असतील तर त्यानंतर will चा वापर करतात.

(iii) साध्या भविष्यकाळात shall आणि will ह्या भविष्यकाळी साहाय्यकारी क्रियापदानंतर मुख्य क्रियापदाचे पहिले

रुप (वर्तमानाकाळी रुप) वापरतात.

e.g. I shall go to school.

Gopal will help the woman.

(iv) साध्या भविष्यकाळात वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस shall किंवा will चा वापर केला असता प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार

होते. अशा प्रश्नाला Verbal Question असे म्हणतात. Verbal Question ची उत्तरे Yes किंवा No ने सुरुवात

करुन संक्षिप्त किंवा पूर्ण वाक्यात देता येतात. Yes किंवा No नंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात.

e.g. Sachin will throw a ball.

Verbal Question : Will Sachin throw a ball?

Answer : Yes, he will throw a ball. किंवा Yes, he will.

No, he won’t throw a ball किंवा No, he won’t

(v) साध्या भविष्यकाळात Verbal question च्या पूर्वी Wh-word चा वापर केला असता Wh-question तयार

होतो.

e.g. Verbal question : Will Sachin throw a ball?

Wh-question : What will Sachin throw?

What will Sachin do?

Wh-question चे उत्तर a ball असल्यामुळे प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यात त्याचा समावेश केलेला नाही. What will Sachin

do? ह्या प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यामध्ये do क्रिया सूचवित असल्यामुळे उत्तरात त्याचा लोप करुन throw a ball चा वापर

करावा लागेल. खालील उत्तरे काळजीपूर्वक अभ्यासा.

(a) What will Sachin throw?

Sachin will throw a ball.

(b) What will Sachin do?

Sachin will throw a ball.

* येथे प्रश्नार्थक सर्वनाम व do चा लोप झालेला आहे. do हे साहाय्यकारी क्रियापद नाही, मुख्य क्रियापद आहे. मुख्य

क्रियापद म्हणून do प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यात वापरलेले असेल, तर उत्तरामध्ये त्याचा लोप करुन अभिप्रेत क्रिया उत्तरादाखल

घेतात.

(vi) साध्या भविष्यकाळामध्ये नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार करताना shall किंवा will नंतर not चा वापर करतात.

(shall not = shan’t, will not = won’t)

e.g. I shall learn a lesson.

I shan’t learn a lesson.

They will learn a lesson.

They won’t learn a lesson.

(vii) shall be आणि will be ही भविष्यकाळी to be ची रुपे आहेत. यांचा साध्या भविष्यकाळात मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून वापर केलेला असेल तर अशा, वाक्यांमध्ये मुख्य क्रियापद वापरावे लागत नाही. प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार करताना वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस shall किंवा will चा वापर करतात.

e.g. (a) Asserative Sentences :

I shall be happy.

He will be happy.

(b) Interrogative Sentences :

Verbal question : (1) Shall I be happy?

(2) Will he be happy?

Wh-question : (1) How shall be?

(2) How will he be?

I shan’t be happy.

He won’t be happy.

(viii) shall have आणि will have ही भविष्यकाळी to have ची रुपे आहेत. यांचा साध्या भविष्यकाळात मुख्य क्रियापद म्हणून वापर केलेला असेल तर अशा, वाक्यांमध्ये मुख्य क्रियापद वापरावे लागत नाही. प्रश्नार्थक व नकारार्थी वाक्ये तयार करण्याचे नियम वरीलप्रमाणे आहेत.

e.g. (a) Asserative Sentences :

I shall have a book.

He will have a book.

(b) Interrogative Sentences :

Verbal question : (1) Shall I have a book?

(2) Will he have a book?

Wh-question : (1) What shall I have?

(2) What will he have?

(1) I shan’t have a book.

(2) He won’t have a book.

(xi) going to वरुन सुध्दा भविष्यकाळाचा बोध होतो. वर्तमानकाळामध्ये to be च्या रुपानंतर going to चा वापर करुन अतिशय नजिकचा भविष्यकाळा सूचित करता येतो.

e.g. (1) I am going to write a letter.

I shall write a letter.

येथे am going to = shall

(2) He is going to write a letter.

He will write a letter.

येथे is going to = will

यावरुन am/is/are going to = shall/will

* साध्या काळात play हे क्रियापद तक्त्यात चालवून दाखविलेले आहे. त्याचे निरीक्षण करा.

काळांचे प्रकार पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे	साधा वर्तमानकाळ	साधा भूतकाळ	साधा भविष्यकाळ
प्रथम पुरुष I We	play play	played played	shall play shall play
द्वितीय पुरुष You You	play play	played played	will play will play
तृतीय पुरुष He She It They	plays plays plays play	played played played played	will play will play will play will play

* साध्या काळात to be हे मुख्य क्रियापद असेल तर ते कसे वापरतात, ते खालील तक्त्यावरुन काळजीपूर्वक अभ्यासा.

काळांचे प्रकार पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे	साधा वर्तमानकाळ	साधा भूतकाळ	साधा भविष्यकाळ
प्रथम पुरुष I We	am are	was were	shall be shall be
द्वितीय पुरुष You You	are are	were were	will be will be
तृतीय पुरुष He She It They	Is is is are	was was was were	will be will be will be will be

* वरील तक्त्यावरुन I am happy, I was happy, I shall be happy अशी वाक्ये लिहिण्याचा सराव करा. ही वाक्ये

साध्या काळातील आहेत.

* साध्या काळात to have हे मुख्य क्रियापद असेल, तर ते कसे वापरतात, याचे खालील तक्त्यावरुन काळजीपूर्वक

निरीक्षण करा.

काळांचे प्रकार पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे	साधा वर्तमानकाळ	साधा भूतकाळ	साधा भविष्यकाळ
प्रथम पुरुष I We	have have	had had	shall have shall have
द्वितीय पुरुष You You	have have	had had	will have will have
तृतीय पुरुष He She It They	has has has have	had had had had	will have will have will have will have

* Some more examples solved for practice :

[I] Complete the following sentences by using the Simple Present Tense forms of the verbs

given in the brackets :

(1) I …….. to do to medical college. (want)

I want to do to medical college.

(2) If you ……., you can pull the impossible. (think)

If you think, you can pull the impossible.

(3) I ……. it’s the closest, I ……. for a few more decades. (hope,get)

I hope it’s the closest, I get for a few more decades.

(4) …….. me into a tall rose. (change)

Change me into a tall rose.

(5) He …….. to laugh, only now at a ripe old age. (love)

He loves to laugh, only now at a ripe old age.

[II] Complete the following sentences by using the Simple Past Tense forms of the verbs given

in the brackets :

(1) The gardener …….. out of the window at St. Vincent Place. (Point)

The gardener pointed out of the window at St. Vincent Place.

(2) The council ……. the petition, voting to keep Sam. (deny)

The council denied the petition, voting to keep Sam.

(3) On that Tuesday the day ……. as usual. (dawn)

On that Tuesday the day dawned as usual.

(4) Last evening Ganukaka …….. to tell me a story. (happen)

Last evening Ganukaka happened to tell me a story.

(5) His replies …… our hearts at the time. (not gladden)

His replies did not gladden our hearts at the time.

[III] Complete the following sentences by using the Simple Future Tense forms of the verbs

given in the brackets :

(1) Democracy …….. freedom and respect for views of the few and the right to dissent.

(mean)

Democracy will mean freedom and respect for views of the few and the right to dissent.

(2) Culture and the arts ……. strongly supported. (to be)

Culture and the arts will be strongly supported.

(3) He …… surely …… back today. (come)

He will surely comeback today.

(4) India …… radiant when our children are free to dance in the rain. (to be)

India will be radiant when our children are free to dance in the rain.

(5) We ……. a part of a larger reality. (become)

We will become a part of a larger reality.

* Exercise *

[I] Complete the following sentences by using the Simple Present Tense forms of the verbs

given in the brackets :

(1) Business ……. and ……. with that simple precept. (begin,end)

(2) Everybody ……. when there’s no choice. (cope)

(3) One often ……. of the high prevalence of child labour in our country. (hear)

(4) This child ……. up at 5 a.m. (wake)

(5) My nephew Dinesh …… in Kurla, one of the sensitive areas in this deluge. (live)

[II] complete the following sentences by using the Simple Past Tense forms of the verbs given in

the brackets :

(1) On May 27,1976, David Hartaman ……. his medical degree. (receive)

(2) The rose ……. silent for a moment. (become)

(3) The morning routine …… with tea. (start)

(4) We ……. flowering bushes. (plant)

(5) I never ……. a chance to catch one. (get)

[III] complete the following sentences using the Simple Future Tense forms of the verbs given in

the brackets :

(1) I ……. your request. (grant)

(2) I ……. now, for my soul has attained its goal. (die)

(3) Voluntary groups and civil society organizations …… as important as big corporate or the

government. (to be)

(4) You …… good marks, if you study hard. (get)

(5) We ……. out of it is cold. (not go)

(6) A child fearlessly ……. before giving up. (try)

ANSWERS

The Simple Tense

[I] (1) begins, ends (2) copes (3) hears (4) wakes (5) lives

[II] (1) received (2) became (3) started (4) planted (5) got.

[III] (1) shall grant (2) shall die (3) will be (4) will get (5) shall not go (6) will try.

(1) Present Conntinuous Tense बोलण्याच्या क्षणी जी क्रिया अपूर्ण परंतू चालू स्थितीत असते, अशा क्रियेच्या काळाला अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ (Present Continuous Tense) असे म्हणतात. e.g. I am reading a newspaper. (मी वर्तमानपत्र वाचत आहे.) We are reading a newspaper. (आम्ही वर्तमानपत्र वाचत आहोत.) You are reading a novel. (तू कादंबरी वाचत आहोत.) You are reading a novel. (तूम्ही कादंबरी वाचत आहात.) He is reading a magazine. (तो नियतकालिक वाचत आहे.) She is reading a story. (ती गोष्ट वाचत आहे.) It is weeping. (ते (मूल) रडत आहे.) They are reading a book. (ते/त्या/ती पुस्तक वाचत आहे.) टीपः (i) अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळी वाक्याची रचनाः Subject + वर्तमानकाळी to be + Present Participle + Object e.g. I am listening a story We are swimming in the river (ii) अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये कर्त्यांनंतर काळ व कर्ता यानुसार योग्य ते वर्तमानकाळी to be चे रुप वापरतात. वर्तमानकाळी to be ची रुपेः am, is, are. (iii) अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये वर्तमानकाळी to be च्या रुपानंतर घडत असलेल्या क्रियेचे Present Participle वापरतात. e.g. I am playing to be चे रुप Present Participle (iv) अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये am, is, are यांचा वापर वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस केला असता प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये तयार होतात. अशा प्रश्नांना Verbal Question असे म्हणतात. त्यांची उत्तरे Yes किंवा No ने देतात. अशी उत्तरे संक्षिप्त किंवा पूर्ण वाक्यात देता येतात. Yes किंवा No नंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात. e.g. Verbal Question : Am I writing a letter? Yes, I am writing a letter. / Yes, I am. No, I am not writing a letter. / No, I am not. (v) अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये Verbal question च्या सुरुवातीस Wh-word चा वापर केला असता Wh- question तयार होतो. अशा प्रश्नांची उत्तरे पूर्ण माहितीच्या आधारे पूर्ण वाक्यात देतात. e.g. Wh-question : What am I writing? Answer : (1) I am writing a letter. (2) What is he doing now? Answer : He is writing a letter now. * येथे प्रश्नामध्ये doing हे Present Participle वापरलेले आहे. उत्तरामध्ये त्याचा लोप करुन अभिप्रेत असलेल्या क्रियेचे Present Participle वापरतात. दुस-या वाक्यात doing ऐवजी writing चा वापर केलेला आहे. (vi) अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये नकारार्थी वाक्य करताना am, is, are नंतर not चा वापर करतात. e.g. 1) Mrs. Shastri is teaching us. Mrs. Shastri is not teaching us. 2) Gopal is coming to me. Gopal isn’t coming to me. 3) They are eating mangoes. They aren’t eating mangoes. 4) I am looking at the sky. I am not looking at the sky. * Learn this : * differ, doubt, find, forget, imagine, mean, remember, trust, want, understand, see, hear, mind, love, know, seem, like, feel, notice, agree, wish, need, smell, taste, hate, prefer, forgive, recall, touch, recognize, belove, appear, think, suppose, desire अशी काही क्रियापदे अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळात सहसा वापरली जात नाहीत. e.g. I am seeing a picture. असा seeing चा वापर चुकीचा आहे. I am see picture. येथे केलेला see चा वापर योग्य आहे. (vii) अतिशय नजिकचा भविष्यकाळ दाखविण्यासाठी सुद्धाs अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळाचा वापर करतात. e.g. We are playing the match in half an hour. (अर्ध्या तासाने आम्ही सामना खेळणार आहोत.) (2) Past continuous Tense भूतकाळात कोणत्याही वेळी जी क्रिया अपूर्ण परंतू चालू स्थितीत होती, अशा क्रियेच्या काळाला अपूर्ण भूतकाळ (Past Continuous Tense) असे म्हणतात. e.g. I was swimming in the river. (मी नदीमध्ये पोहत होतो.) We were swimming in the river. (आम्ही नदीमध्ये पोहत होतो.) You were swimming in the river. (तू नदीमध्ये पोहत होतास.) You were swimming in the river. (तुम्ही नदीमध्ये पोहत होते.) He was swimming in the river. (तो नदीमध्ये पोहत होता.) She was swimming in the river. (ती नदीमध्ये पोहत होती.) It was weeping loudly. [ते (मूल) मोठ्याने रडत होते.] They were swimming in the river. (ते नदीमध्ये पोहत होते.) Gopal was writing his homework. (गोपाल आपला गृहपाठ लिहीत होता.) Farmers were ploughing their fields. (शेतकरी आपली शेते नांगरत होते.) टीपः (i) अपूर्ण भूतकाळाची रचनाः Subject + भूतकाळी to be चे रुप + Present Participle + Object e.g. I was writing a letter. We were playing in the garden. (ii) अपूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये कर्त्यांनंतर काळ व कर्ता यानुसार योग्य ते भूतकाळी to be चे रुप वापरतात. भूतकाळी To be ची रुपे ः was, were (iii) अपूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये To be च्या रुपानंतर त्यावेळी असलेल्या क्रियेचे Present Participle वापरतात. e.g. I was playing. (vi) अपूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये was आणि were यांचा वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस वापर केला असता प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये तयार होतात. अशा प्रश्नांना Verbal Questions असे म्हणतात. त्यांची उत्तरे Yes किंवा No ने देतात. अशी उत्तरे संक्षिप्त किंवा पूर्ण वाक्यात देता येतात. Yes किंवा No नंतर स्वल्पविराम देतात. e.g. Verbal Question : (1) Was I reading a book? Yes, I was reading a book. किंवा Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t reading a book. किंवा No, I wasn’t. (v) अपूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये Verbal question च्या सुरुवातीस Wh-word चा वापर केला असता Wh-question तयार होतो. अशा प्रश्नांची उत्तरे पूर्ण माहितीच्या आधारे पूर्ण वाक्यात देतात. e.g. Verbal question : (1) Was he reading a book? Wh-question : What was he reading? Answer : He was reading a book. Verbal question : (2) Was he reading a book? Wh-question : What he reading a book? Answer : He was reading a book. (vi) अपूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये भूतकाळी To be च्या रुपानंतर not चा वापर केला असता नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार होते. e.g. 1) Grandmother was selling onions. Grandmother was not selling onions. 2) The monkeys were breaking the branches. The monkeys were not breaking the branches. (3) Future Continuous Tense : भविष्यकाळात एखादी क्रिया अपूर्ण परंतू चालू स्थितीत असेल, अशा क्रियेच्या काळाला अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळ (Future Continuous Tense) असे म्हणतात. e.g. I shall be playing. (मी खेळत असेन.) We shall be playing. (आम्ही खेळत असू.) You will be playing. (तू खेळत असशील.) You will be playing. (तुम्ही खेळत असाल.) He will be playing. (तो खेळत असेल.) She will be playing. (ती खेळत असेल.) It will be playing. (ते खेळत असेल.) They will be playing. (ते खेळत असतील.) Gopal will be playing. (गोपाल खेळत असेल.) Seeta will be playing. (सीता खेळत असेल.) The boys will be playing. (मुले खेळत असतील.) टीपः (i) अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळाची रचनाः Subject + भविष्यकाळी To be + Present Participle + Object e.g. Anand will be helping the old woman. (ii) अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळामध्ये कर्त्यांनंतर काळ व कर्ता यानुसार योग्य ते भविष्यकाळी To be चे रुप वापरतात. भविष्यकाळी To be ची रुपे ः shall be, will be (iii) अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळामध्ये भविष्यकाळी To be च्या रुपानंतर घडत असलेल्या क्रियेचे Present Participle वापरतात. e.g. They will be waiting for me. (iv) अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळामध्ये प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य बनविण्याचे नियम साध्या भविष्यकाळाप्रमाणेच आहेत. (v) अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळामध्ये नकारार्थी वाक्य बनविण्याचे नियम साध्या भविष्यकाळाप्रमाणेच आहेत. * Some more examples solved for practice : [I] Complete the following sentences by using the Present Participle Continuous Tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets : (1) Meena ……. a story book now. (read) Meena is reading a story book now. (2) The students in the class ….. answers in their notebooks. (write) The students in the class are writing answers in their notebooks. (3) As the examination are over, children ……. television all the time. (watch) As the examination are over, children are watching television all the time. (4) I …… very hard on that project now-a-days. (work) I am working very hard on that project now-a-days. (5) The painter …... the wall. (paint) The painter is painting the wall. [II] Complete the following sentences by using the Past Continuous Tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets : (1) A small boy in a blue jacket ……. along the street, when the magician arrived from nowhere. (walk) A small boy in a blue jacket was walking along the street, when the magician arrived from nowhere. (walk) (2) Rajan …… more and more impatient, as Sneha showed no signs of recovery. (grow) Rajan was growing more and more impatient, as Sneha showed no signs of recovery. (3) Asha …… a newspaper when father came home. (read) Asha was reading a newspaper when father came home. (4) They …… in the assembly hall, when the lights went off. (sing) They were singing in the assembly hall, when the lights went off. (5) The blind musician …… on the floor. (sleep) The blind musician was sleeping on the floor. [III] Complete the following sentences by using the Future Continuous Tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets : (1) The children …… in the garden tomorrow. (play) The children will be playing in the garden tomorrow. (2) David …… a novel. (read) David will be reading a novel. (3) Mother …… in the kitchen. (work) Mother will be working in the kitchen. (4) The students …… a lesson in the class. (listen) The students will be listening a lesson in the class. (5) The dog ……. under a bush in the garden. (sleep) The dog will be sleeping under a bush in the garden. * Learn this : * The Present continuous Tense form denotes the action that is going at the time of speaking. It is, however, also used to show the present state of action or the temporary situation. e.g. You are working too hard! * To indicate the continuous action in the past, we use the past continuous tense. * अपूर्ण काळामध्ये play हे क्रियापद खालील तक्त्यामध्ये चालवून दाखविलेले आहे. त्याचे काळजीपूर्वक निरीक्षण करा. काळांचे प्रकार पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ अपूर्ण भूतकाळ अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळ प्रथम पुरुष I We am playing are playing was playing were playing shall be playing shall be playing द्वितीय पुरुष You You are playing are playing were playing were playing will be playing will be playing तृतीय पुरुष He She It They is playing is playing is playing are playing was playing was playing was playing were playing will be playing will be playing will be playing will be playing * Exercise * [I] Complete the following sentences by using the Present Continuous Tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets : (1) Why …… you …… me? (kiss) (2) The children …… a story told by the grandmother quietly. (listen) (3) They from Pune to Mumbai by train. (travel) (4) Sneha ….. her mother in the kitchen. (help) (5) The painter …… a picture of the sunset. (draw) [II] Complete the following sentences by using the Past Continuous Tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets : (1) In the spring of 1972, David …… up four years at college with top marks. (wind) (2) He …… them in toto on one recorder. (tape) (3) She …… so much pains to beautiful a government house. (take) (4) She …… me to go and kiss the world! (tell) (5) But it …… heavily. (rain) (6) People …… the water assisted by volunteers. (cross) (7) Ganukaka ….. the story of his neighbour. (relate) [III] Complete the following sentences by using the Future Continuous Tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets : (1) I ……. at all these places. (swim) (2) Meena ……. a novel by Tagore. (read) (3) Nanasaheb …… in the garden. (work) (4) The farmer ….. his field. (plough) (5) We ……. a lesson tomorrow. (learn) ANSWERS The Continuous Tense. [I] (1) are kissing (2) are listening (3) are travelling (4) is helping (5) is drawing. [II] (1) was winding (2) was taping (3) was taking (4) was telling (5) was raining (6) were crossing (7) was relating. [III] (1) shall be swimming (2) will be reading (3) will be working (4) will be ploughing (5) shall be learning.

(1) Present Perfect Tense :

वर्तमानकाळामध्ये पूर्ण झालेल्या क्रियेच्या काळाला पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ (Present Perfect Tense) असे म्हणतात.

e.g. I have read a lesson. (मी धडा वाचलेला आहे.)

We have read a lesson. (आम्ही धडा वाचलेला आहे.)

You have read a lesson. (तू धडा वाचलेला आहेस.)

You have read a lesson. (तुम्ही धडा वाचलेला आहे.)

He has read a lesson. (त्याने धडा वाचलेला आहे.)

She has read a lesson. (तिने धडा वाचलेला आहे.)

It has broken a toy. (त्याने खेळणे मोडलेले आहे.)

They have read a lesson. (त्यांनी धडा वाचलेला आहे.)

टीपः (i) पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळी वाक्याची रचनाः

Subject + To have चे वर्तमानकाळी रुप + Past Participle + Object

e.g. I have written a letter.

(ii) पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये कर्त्यांनंतर काळ व कर्ता यानुसार योग्य ते वर्तमानकाळी To have चे रुप वापरतात.

वर्तमानकाळी To have ची रुपे ः have, has

(iii) पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये वर्तमानकाळी To have च्या रुपानंतर घडलेल्या क्रियेचे Past Participle वापरतात.

e.g. Lata has sung a song.

(iv) पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये वापरलेल्या वर्तमानकाळी To have च्या रुपाचा वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस वापर केला

असता प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार होते. अशा Verbal Question चे उत्तर Yes किंवा No ने सुरुवात करुन संक्षिप्त किंवा

पूर्ण वाक्यात देता येते.

e.g. Verbal Question : Has Lata sung a song?

: Yes, she has sung a song.

किंवा Yes, she has.

No, she hasn’t sung a song.

किंवा No, she hasn’t.

(v) Verbal question च्या सुरुवातीस Wh-word चा वापर केला असता Wh-question तयार होतो. अशा

प्रश्नांची उत्तरे माहितीच्या आधारे पूर्ण वाक्यात देतात.

e.g. Verbal question : Has Lata sung a song?

Wh-question : What has Lata sung?

: Lata has sung a song.

(vi) पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये वाक्यात वापरलेल्या To have च्या रुपानंतर not चा वापर केला असता नकारार्थी

वाक्य तयार होते.

e.g. 1) Shankar has sold his bullocks.

Shankar hasn’t sold his bullocks.

2) Shankar and Gouri have made mats of coconut leaves.

Shankar and Gouri haven’t made mats of coconut leaves.

(2) Past Perfect Tense :

भूतकाळामध्ये एका विशिष्ट वेळी पूर्ण झालेल्या क्रियेच्या काळाला पूर्ण भूतकाळ (Past Perfect Tense) असे

म्हणतात.

e.g. I had drawn a picture. (मी चित्र काढलेले होते.)

We had drawn pictures. (आम्ही चित्रे काढलेली होती.)

You had drawn a picture. (तू चित्र काढलेले होते.)

You had drawn a pictures. (तुम्ही चित्रे काढलेली होती.)

He had drawn a picture. (त्याने चित्र काढलेले होते.)

She had drawn a picture. (तिने चित्र काढलेले होते.)

It had broken a toy. (त्याने खेळणे मोडलेले होते.)

They had drawn pictures. (त्यांनी चित्र काढलेली होती.)

टीपः (i) पूर्ण भूतकाळी वाक्याची रचनाः

Subject + To have चे भूतकाळी रुप + Past Participle + Object

e.g. The tortoise had won the race.

(ii) पूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये कर्त्यांनंतर to have चे भूतकाळी रुप had वापरतात.

(iii) पूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये had नंतर घडलेल्या क्रियेचे Past Participle वापरतात.

e.g. My grandmother had told us a story.

(iv) पूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये had चा वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस वापर केला असता, प्रश्नार्थक वाक्य तयार होते. अशा

Verbal Question चे उत्तर Yes किंवा No ने सुरुवात करुन संक्षिप्त किंवा वाक्यात देता येते.

e.g. Verbal question : Had Pankaj written a letter?

: Yes, he had written a letter.

किंवा Yes, he had.

No, he hadn’t written a letter.

किंवा No, he hadn’t.

(v) Verbal question च्या सुरुवातीस Wh-word चा वापर केला असता Wh-question तयार होतो. Wh-

question चे उत्तर बहुधा Verbal question मध्ये सामावलेले असते.

e.g. Verbal question : Had Pankaj written a letter?

Wh-question : (1) Who had written a letter?

: Pankaj had written a letter.

Wh-question : (2) What had Pankaj written?

: Pankaj had written a letter.

(vi) पूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये had नंतर not चा वापर केला असता नकारार्थी वाक्य तयार होते.

e.g. 1) Chhotu had found his goat.

Chhotu had not found his goat.

2) Kanta had bought a new bell.

Kanta hadn’t bought a new bell.

(3) Future Perfect Tense :

भविष्यकाळामध्ये एका विशिष्ट वेळी पूर्ण होणार असणा-या क्रियेच्या काळाला पूर्ण भविष्यकाळ (Future Perfect

Tense) असे म्हणतात.

e.g. I shall have seen a circus. (मी सर्कस पाहिलेली असेन.)

We shall have seen a circus. (आम्ही सर्कस पाहिलेली असेल.)

You will have seen a circus. (तू सर्कस पाहिलेली असशील.)

You will have seen a circus. (तुम्ही सर्कस पाहिलेली असेल.)

He will have seen a circus. (त्याने सर्कस पाहिलेली असेल.)

She will have seen a circus. (तिने सर्कस पाहिलेली असेल.)

It will have broken a toy. (त्याने खेळणे मोडलेले असेल.)

They will have seen a circus. (त्यांनी सर्कस पाहिलेली असेल.)

टीपः (i) पूर्ण भविष्यकाळी वाक्याची रचनाः

Subject + To have चे भविष्यकाळी रुप + Past Participle + Object

e.g. Our teacher will have taught us a lesson.

India will have won the match.

(ii) पूर्ण भविष्यकाळामध्ये काळ व कर्ता यानुसार योग्य ते भविष्यकाळी To have चे रुप कर्त्यांनंतर वापरतात.

भविष्यकाळ To have ची रुपे shall have, will have.

(iii) पूर्ण भविष्यकाळामध्ये भविष्यकाळी To have च्या रुपानंतर Past Participle Tense वापरतात.

e.g. Dhondiba will have grown some plants.

(iv) पूर्ण भविष्यकाळामध्ये प्रश्नार्थक व नकारार्थी वाक्ये तयार करण्याचे नियम साध्या भविष्यकाळाप्रमाणेच आहेत.

कारण भविष्यकाळी सर्व रचनांमध्ये shall किंवा will चा वापर केलेला असतो.

* पूर्ण काळामध्ये play हे क्रियापद खालील तक्त्यामध्ये चालवून दाखविलेले आहे. त्याचे काळजीपूर्वक निरीक्षण करा.

काळांचे प्रकार पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे	पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ	पूर्ण भूतकाळ	पूर्ण भविष्यकाळ
प्रथम पुरुष I We	have played have played	had played had played	shall have played shall have played
द्वितीय पुरुष You You	have played have played	had played had played	will have played will have played
तृतीय पुरुष He She It They	has played has played has played have played	had played had played had played had played	will have played will have played will have played will have played

* Learn this :

* The Present Perfect Tense is used to describe a completed action in past, having some

relationship present.

e.g. My father has seen the Ajanta Caves.

* The Present Perfect Tense is mainly used to describe an action that has continued from the

past upto now.

e.g. We have known each other for ten years.

* If their are two past incidents, the one that happened earlier, takes the Past Perfect Tense

and one that happened latter takes the Past Simple Tense.

* Remember, the Past Pefect Tense almost always comes in the combination with the Past

Simple Tense.

* The Future Perfect Tense is used to express an action that will have been completed before

another future action.

e.g. By the time I reach home, mother will have finished cooking.

* Exercise *

[I] Complete the following sentences using the Present Perfect Tense forms of the verbs given

in the brackets :

(1) It …….. all the difference in my life. (make)

(2) I …… outside my little world into the mystery of the Universe. (probe)

(3) We …….. various home-spun remedies in vain. (try)

(4) We ……. up a small arsenal of spray guns. (build)

(5) The year 2005 …… many disasters, natural and man-made. (see)

[II] Complete the following sentences using the Past Perfect Tense forms of the verbs given in

the brackets :

(1) David ……. to ten medical colleges. (apply)

(2) Many Professors at Temple ……. to agree with Dr. Martin. (come)

(3) Sam …… the area transform itselt. (help)

(4) The rain …… Mumbai into two parts. (divide)

(5) Shivaji ……. against many enemies. (fight)

[III] Complete the following sentences using the Future Perfect Tense forms of the verbs given

in the brackets :

(1) By the time I reach home, mother ……. cooking. (finish)

(2) Many interesting theories ……. forward. (put)

(3) He ……. Rs. 10000 by the end of the year. (save)

(4) I …... my homework when father comes home in the evening. (do)

(5) They …… this work soon. (complete)

ANSWERS

The Perfect Tense

[I] (1) has made (2) have probed (3) have tried (4) have built (5) has seen.

[II] (1) had applied (2) had come (3) had helped (4) had divided (5) had fought.

[III] (1) will have finished (2) will have put (3) will have saved (4) shall have done (5) will have completed.

(1) Present Perfect Continuous Tense :

भूतकाळात एका विशिष्ट वेळी सुरु होऊन अंशतः पूर्णत्व प्राप्त करुन पूर्णत्वाची वलये मागे सोडून अद्यापही चालू

असलेल्या क्रियेच्या काळाला पूर्ण अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ (Present Perfect Continuous Tense) असे म्हणतात.

e.g. I have been reading a book. (मी पुस्तक वाचत आलो आहे.)

We have been reading a book. (आम्ही पुस्तक वाचत आलो आहे.)

You have been reading a book. (तू पुस्तक वाचत आलेला आहेस.)

You have been reading a book. (तुम्ही पुस्तक वाचत आलेले आहात.)

He has been reading a book. (तो पुस्तक वाचत आलेला आहे.)

She has been reading a book. (ती पुस्तक वाचत आलेली आहे.)

It has been crying. (ते रडत आलेले आहे.)

They have been reading a book. (ते पुस्तक वाचत आलेले आहेत.)

टीपः (i) पूर्ण अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळी वाक्याची रचनाः

Subject + To have चे रुप + been + Present Participle + Object

e.g. I have been waiting for you.

(ii) पूर्ण अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये कर्त्यांनंतर काळ व कर्ता यानुसार योग्य ते वर्तमानकाळी To have चे रुप

वापरतात.

(iii) To have नंतर been चा वापर करतात.

(iv) been नंतर वाक्यात उल्लेख केलेल्या क्रियेचे Present Participle वापरतात.

(v) ह्या काळाच्या रचनेत since आणि for चा वापर जास्त प्रमाणात करण्यात येतो. since निश्चित वेळेसाठी, तर

for कालखंड सूचित करण्यासाठी वापरतात.

e.g. I have been learning in this school since 2006.

I have been learning in this school for three years.

(vi) पूर्ण अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळामध्ये प्रश्नार्थक व नकारार्थी वाक्ये तयार करण्याचे नियम पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळाप्रमाणेच

आहेत. कारण दोन्ही रचनांमध्ये to have च्या वर्तमानकाळी रुपांचाच वापर केलेला आहे. प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यांसाठी

have आणि has चा वापर वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीस, तर नकारार्थी वाक्यासाठी have आणि has नंतर not

वापरण्यात विसरू नका.

(2) Past Perfect Continuous Tense :

भूतकाळात एका विशिष्ट वेळी सुरु होऊन अंशतः पूर्णत्व प्राप्त करुन पूर्णत्वाची वलये मागे सोडून त्या विशिष्ट वेळीच

चालूच होती, अशा क्रियेच्या काळाला पूर्ण अपूर्ण भूतकाळ (Past Perfect Continuous Tense) असे म्हणतात.

e.g. I had been reading a book. (मी पुस्तक वाचत आलो होतो.)

We had been reading a book. (आम्ही पुस्तक वाचत आलो होतो.)

You had been reading a book. (तू पुस्तक वाचत आलेला होतास.)

You had been reading a book. (तुम्ही पुस्तक वाचत आलेले होते.)

He had been reading a book. (तो पुस्तक वाचत आलेला होता.)

She had been reading a book. (ती पुस्तक वाचत आलेली होती.)

It had been crying loudly. (ते मोठ्याने रडत आलेले होते.)

They had been reading a book. (ते/त्या/ती पुस्तक वाचत आलेले होते.)

टीपः (i) पूर्ण अपूर्ण भूतकाळी वाक्याची रचनाः

Subject + to have चे रुप + been + Present Participle + Object

e.g. The children had been watching a circus.

(ii) पूर्ण अपूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये कर्त्यांनंतर had चा वापर करतात.

(iii) had नंतर been चा वापर करतात.

(vi) been नंतर वाक्यात उल्लेख केलेल्या क्रियेचे Present Participle वापरतात.

(v) पूर्ण अपूर्ण भूतकाळामध्ये प्रश्नार्थक व नकारार्थी वाक्ये तयार करण्याचे नियम पूर्ण भूतकाळाप्रमाणेच आहेत.

(3) Future Perfect Continuous Tense :

भविष्यकाळात दीर्घकाळ चालणार असलेली क्रिया अंशतः पूर्णत्व करुन पूर्णत्वाची वलये मागे सोडून त्या विशिष्ट

वेळीही चालूच असेल, अशा क्रियेच्या काळाला पूर्ण अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळ (Future Perfect Continuous Tense)

असे म्हणतात.

e.g. I shall have been reading a book. (मी पुस्तक वाचत आलेला असेन.)

We shall have been reading a book. (आम्ही पुस्तक वाचत आलेले असू.)

You will have been reading a book. (तू पुस्तक वाचत आलेला असशील.)

You will have been reading a book. (तुम्ही पुस्तक वाचत आलेले असाल.)

He will have been reading a book. (तो पुस्तक वाचत आलेला असेल.)

She will have been reading a book. (ती पुस्तक वाचत आलेली असेल.)

It will have been crying loudly. (ते मोठ्याने रडत आलेले असेल.)

They will have been reading a book. (ते पुस्तक वाचत आलेले असतील.)

टीपः (i) पूर्ण अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळी वाक्याची रचनाः

Subject + to have चे रुप + been + Present Participle + Object

e.g. Sachin will have been waiting for an hour.

(ii) पूर्ण अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळामध्ये कर्त्यांनंतर काळ व कर्ता यानुसार योग्य ते भविष्यकाळी to have चे रुप

वापरतात.

(iii) भविष्यकाळी to have च्या रुपानंतर been चा वापर करतात.

(iv) been नंतर वाक्यात उल्लेख केलेल्या क्रियेचे Present Participle वापरतात.

(v) पूर्ण अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळामध्ये प्रश्नार्थक व नकारार्थी वाक्ये तयार करण्याचे नियम साध्या भविष्यकाळाप्रमाणेच

आहेत.

Exercise (A)

[I] Complete the following sentences using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense forms of the

verbs given in the brackets :

(1) I ……. English for three years. (learn)

(2) We ……. in Nagpur since 2007. (live)

(3) Mohan …… a novel for two weeks. (read)

(4) Neela ……. that book for two hours. (read)

(5) I …… at all these places. (swim)

[II] Complete the following sentences using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense forms of the

verbs given in the brackets :

(1) Kamala ……. a book for three days. (read)

(2) Mr. Patil …… us for twenty five years. (teach)

(3) The children ……. in the garden for an hour. (play)

(4) My grandfather …… vegetables in our field. (grow)

(5) We ……. in this village. Now we live in city. (live)

[III] Complete the following sentences using the Future Perfect Continuous Tense forms of the

verbs given in the brackets :

(1) The farmer ……. his field. (plough)

(2) The students …… their lesson. (learn)

(3) The blind singer ……. a sweet song. (sing)

(4) Anu …… in the pool. (swim)

(5) They …… the poor and the needy. (help)

काळांचे प्रकार पुरुषवाचक सर्वनामे	पूर्ण अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ	पूर्ण अपूर्ण भूतकाळ	पूर्ण अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळ
प्रथम पुरुष I We	have been playing have been playing	had been playing had been playing	shall have been playing shall have been playing
द्वितीय पुरुष You You	have been playing have been playing	had been playing had been playing	will have been playing will have been playing
तृतीय पुरुष He She It They	has been playing has been playing has been playing have been playing	had been playing had been playing had been playing had been playing	will have been playing will have been playing will have been playing will have been playing

* Write हे क्रियापद मुख्य काळ व प्रत्येकाचे चार उपप्रकार अशा एकूण बारा उपप्रकारात खालील तक्त्यात चालवून

दाखविलेले आहे. त्याचा काळजीपूर्वक अभ्यास करा.

काळांचे मुख्य प्रकार काळाचे उपप्रकार	Present Tense	Past Tense	Future Tense
Simple Tense	write/writes	wrote	shall write/will write
Continuous Tense	am/is/are writing	was/were writing	shall be/will be writing
Perfect Tense	have/has written	Had written	shall have/will have writing
Perfect Contiuous Tense	Have/has Been writing	Had been writing	Shall have/will have been writing

* कोणतेही मुख्य क्रियापद तक्त्यात दाखविल्याप्रमाणे बारा प्रकारे चालविता आले पाहिजे. खालील तक्त्यामध्ये काळाचे

सर्व बारा उपप्रकार व त्यांच्या वाक्यरचनांचे थोडक्यात दर्शन घडवलेले आहे. निरीक्षण करा.

काळाचे प्रकार

प्रत्येक उपप्रकाराची वाक्यरचना

साधा काळः

(i) साधा वर्तमानकाळ

(ii) साधा भूतकाळ

(iii) साधा भविष्यकाळ

Subject + First form of the verb + Object

Subject + Second form of the verb + Object

Subject + shall/will + First form of the verb + Object

अपूर्ण काळः

(i) अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ

(ii) अपूर्ण भूतकाळ

(iii) अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळ

Subject + To be + Present Participle + Object

Subject + am/is/are + Present Participle + Object

Subject + was/were + Present Participle + Object

Subject + shall be/will be + Present Participle + Object

पूर्ण काळः

(i) पूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ

(ii) पूर्ण भूतकाळ

(iii) पूर्ण भविष्यकाळ

Subject + To have + Past Participle + Object

Subject + have/has + Past Participle + Object

Subject + had + Past Participle + Object

Subject + shall have/will have + Past Participle + Object

पूर्ण अपूर्ण काळः

(i) पूर्ण अपूर्ण वर्तमानकाळ

(ii) पूर्ण अपूर्ण भूतकाळ

(iii) पूर्ण अपूर्ण भविष्यकाळ

Subject + To have + been + Present Participle + Object

Subject + have/has + been + Present Participle + Object

Subject + had + been Present Participle + Object

Subject + shall have/will have + been + Present Participle + Object

* Learn this :

* The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to describe an action that started in the past,

continued upto now and is still going on.

* The action that has continued over a long period in the past takes The Past Perfect

Continuous Tense form.

Exercise (B)

* Use proper forms of the verbs given in the brackets :

(1) Our joy (know) no bounds when our school Kabaddi team won the district championship.

(2) We see the Sardar’s face in every Sikh we (come) across.

(3) They didn’t know who I (to be).

(4) Don’t (come) back just yet.

(5) He was shocked at the idea of (open) a box.

(6) They (make) people so unhappy that no one smiled for many days afterwards.

(7) There are plenty of your ugly brothers and sisters already (fly) about the world.

(8) One summer evening. I (be) (sit) by the open window.

(9) Minu did not (wake up) on her own. She (wake up) by her mother.

(10) When I (build) my house, another house was being built in the same locality.

ANSWERS

The Perfect Continous Tense.

(A) [I] (1) have been learning (2) have been living/have been (3) has been reading (4) has been reading (5) have been swimming.

[II] (1) had been reading (2) had been teaching (3) had been playing (4) had been growing (5) had been living/had been.

[III] (1) will have been ploughing (2) will have been learning. (3) will have been singing. (4) will have been swimming. (5) will have been helping.

(B) (1) knew ( 2) came (3) was (4) come (5) opening (6) made (7) flying (8) was sitting (9) wake up, was woken up (10) built